随机数Java学习笔记Java 杂谈

Java 随机数 Random VS SecureRandom

2016-11-10  本文已影响5719人  专职跑龙套

1. Math.random() 静态方法

产生的随机数是0 - 1之间的一个double,即 0 <= random <= 1。
使用:

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
  System.out.println(Math.random());
}

结果:

0.3598613895606426
0.2666778145365811
0.25090731064243355
0.011064998061666276
0.600686228175639
0.9084006027629496
0.12700524654847833
0.6084605849069343
0.7290804782514261
0.9923831908303121

实现原理:

When this method is first called, it creates a single new pseudorandom-number generator, exactly as if by the expression
new java.util.Random()
This new pseudorandom-number generator is used thereafter for all calls to this method and is used nowhere else.
当第一次调用Math.random()方法时,自动创建了一个伪随机数生成器,实际上用的是new java.util.Random()
当接下来继续调用Math.random()方法时,就会使用这个新的伪随机数生成器

源码如下:

public static double random() {
    Random rnd = randomNumberGenerator;
    if (rnd == null) rnd = initRNG(); // 第一次调用,创建一个伪随机数生成器
    return rnd.nextDouble();
}

private static synchronized Random initRNG() {
    Random rnd = randomNumberGenerator;
    return (rnd == null) ? (randomNumberGenerator = new Random()) : rnd; // 实际上用的是new java.util.Random()
}

This method is properly synchronized to allow correct use by more than one thread. However, if many threads need to generate pseudorandom numbers at a great rate, it may reduce contention for each thread to have its own pseudorandom-number generator.
initRNG()方法是synchronized的,因此在多线程情况下,只有一个线程会负责创建伪随机数生成器(使用当前时间作为种子),其他线程则利用该伪随机数生成器产生随机数。
因此Math.random()方法是线程安全的。

什么情况下随机数的生成线程不安全:

什么情况下随机数的生成线程安全: Math.random() 静态方法使用

public class JavaRandom {
    public static void main(String args[]) {
        new MyThread().start();
        new MyThread().start();
    }
}
class MyThread extends Thread {
    public void run() {
        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ": " + Math.random());
        }
    }
}

结果:

Thread-1: 0.8043581595645333
Thread-0: 0.9338269554390357
Thread-1: 0.5571569413128877
Thread-0: 0.37484586843392464

2. java.util.Random 工具类

基本算法:linear congruential pseudorandom number generator (LGC) 线性同余法伪随机数生成器
缺点:可预测

An attacker will simply compute the seed from the output values observed. This takes significantly less time than 2^48 in the case of java.util.Random.
从输出中可以很容易计算出种子值。
It is shown that you can predict future Random outputs observing only two(!) output values in time roughly 2^16.
因此可以预测出下一个输出的随机数。
You should never use an LCG for security-critical purposes.
在注重信息安全的应用中,不要使用 LCG 算法生成随机数,请使用 SecureRandom。

使用:

Random random = new Random();

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
    System.out.println(random.nextInt());
}

结果:

-24520987
-96094681
-952622427
300260419
1489256498

Random类默认使用当前系统时钟作为种子:

public Random() {
    this(seedUniquifier() ^ System.nanoTime());
}

public Random(long seed) {
    if (getClass() == Random.class)
        this.seed = new AtomicLong(initialScramble(seed));
    else {
        // subclass might have overriden setSeed
        this.seed = new AtomicLong();
        setSeed(seed);
    }
}

Random类提供的方法:API

只要种子一样,产生的随机数也一样: 因为种子确定,随机数算法也确定,因此输出是确定的!

Random random1 = new Random(10000);
Random random2 = new Random(10000);

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
    System.out.println(random1.nextInt() + " = " + random2.nextInt());
}

结果:

-498702880 = -498702880
-858606152 = -858606152
1942818232 = 1942818232
-1044940345 = -1044940345
1588429001 = 1588429001

3. java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom 工具类

ThreadLocalRandom 是 JDK 7 之后提供,也是继承至 java.util.Random。

private static final ThreadLocal<ThreadLocalRandom> localRandom =
    new ThreadLocal<ThreadLocalRandom>() {
        protected ThreadLocalRandom initialValue() {
            return new ThreadLocalRandom();
        }
};

每一个线程有一个独立的随机数生成器,用于并发产生随机数,能够解决多个线程发生的竞争争夺。效率更高!
ThreadLocalRandom 不是直接用 new 实例化,而是第一次使用其静态方法 current() 得到 ThreadLocal<ThreadLocalRandom> 实例,然后调用 java.util.Random 类提供的方法获得各种随机数。
使用:

public class JavaRandom {
    public static void main(String args[]) {
        new MyThread().start();
        new MyThread().start();
    }
}
class MyThread extends Thread {
    public void run() {
        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ": " + ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextDouble());
        }
    }
}

结果:

Thread-0: 0.13267085355389086
Thread-1: 0.1138484950410098
Thread-0: 0.17187774671469858
Thread-1: 0.9305225910262372

4. java.Security.SecureRandom

也是继承至 java.util.Random。

Instances of java.util.Random are not cryptographically secure. Consider instead using SecureRandom to get a cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generator for use by security-sensitive applications.
SecureRandom takes Random Data from your os (they can be interval between keystrokes etc - most os collect these data store them in files - /dev/random and /dev/urandom in case of linux/solaris) and uses that as the seed.
操作系统收集了一些随机事件,比如鼠标点击,键盘点击等等,SecureRandom 使用这些随机事件作为种子。

This class provides a cryptographically strong random number generator (RNG).
SecureRandom 提供加密的强随机数生成器 (RNG),要求种子必须是不可预知的,产生非确定性输出。
SecureRandom 也提供了与实现无关的算法,因此,调用方(应用程序代码)会请求特定的 RNG 算法并将它传回到该算法的 SecureRandom 对象中。

使用:

SecureRandom random1 = SecureRandom.getInstance("SHA1PRNG");
SecureRandom random2 = SecureRandom.getInstance("SHA1PRNG");

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
    System.out.println(random1.nextInt() + " != " + random2.nextInt());
}

结果:

704046703 != 2117229935
60819811 != 107252259
425075610 != -295395347
682299589 != -1637998900
-1147654329 != 1418666937


引用:
http://yangzb.iteye.com/blog/325264
Difference between java.util.Random and java.security.SecureRandom

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