Day2: 副词二

英语副词.jpg

副词的形式

以-ly结尾的副词

副词和形容词有很强的联系，它们通常基于同一个单词。副词经常以形容词+ly的形式存在。

形容词	副词
He was calm when I told him.	He behaved calmly.
That was a beautiful presentation.	Your work is beautifully presented.

以-ly结尾的一些副词通常是关于方式(manner)和程度(degree)的副词。副词由以l结尾的形容词变换而来，需要双写l。副词由以y结尾的形容词变换而来，需要将y改成i。副词由以辅音字母+e结尾变换来的，保留e。

beautiful -> beautifuly, careful -> carefully, hopeful -> hopefully

easy -> easily, busy -> busily, lucky -> luckily, angry -> angrily

definite -> definitely, fortunate -> fortunately, extreme -> extremely, absolute -> absolutely

以-ly结尾的形容词

一些形容词以-ly结尾，如lively, lonely, ugly等， 副词通常不是由它们变换而来，因为不容易发音。通常换一种方式表达。

Don't act in a silly way.

Not: Don't act sillily.

She said it in a friendly way.

Not: She said it friendlily.

以-ward(s)或-wise结尾的副词

有一小部分副词是以-ward(s)或-wise结尾的，以-ward(s)结尾可以是-ward或-wards两者形式之一。

-wards: inwards, eastwards, upwards, downwards

-wise: clockwise, lengthwise, likewise

The doctor asked her to move her head upwards but she couldn't.

Turn the handle clockwise to start it.

和形容词有相同形式的副词

一些副词和形容词有着相同的形式，比较常见的有fast (not fastly), left, hard, outside, right, straight, late, well和一些时间词，如：daily, weekly, monthly, yearly。

This coconut is really hard.

You have to bang the door hard to shut it.

当作为形容词时，通常用来修饰名词，或者跟在be, become, seem, look, smell, taste等这些动词后面。

和形容词没有联系的副词

一些副词如just, quite, so, soon, too, very等和形容词没有直接联系。

This is just what I am looking for. (just = exactly)

These cups are not quite the same. (not quite = not exactly)

Why is this road so narrow?

I look forward to seeing you soon.

That's too expensive.

That's a very strange story.

指明程度的副词

很多副词和形容词一样，可以表达如质量，特性，状态，条件，关系等等的不同程度。

He palys the piano amazingly.

He palys the piano really amazingly. (really程度副词)

She palyed golf skilfully this time.

She palyed gold more skilfully this time. (more程度副词)

She was quite surprised they came, actually.

***	***	***	***
absolutely	enough	perfectly	somewhat
a (little) bit	entirely	pretty	terribly
a lot	extremely	quite	too
almost	fairly	rather	totally
awfully	highly	remarkably	utterly
completely	lots	slightly	very

指明重点的副词

I just wanted to ask you what you thought.

I wouldn't particularly like to move to a modern house.

***	***	***	***
especially	just	mainly	particularly
generally	largely	only	simply

指明连接关系的副词

连接副词指明了两个分句或主句之间的关系，如时间序列、因果关系，两者差异等等：

I left my house in the morning then I went to pick up Irvine at her house. (时间序列)

We talked until the early hours and consequently I overslept the next morning. (因果关系)

The sun will be shining in France. However, heavy rain is expected in Spain. (差异)

通常使用then和consequently连接分句或句子在一起。but和however都表示差异，但but连接两个分句为一个句子，however并非如此：

There was no room for them but they got on the train.

There was no room for them. However, the got on the train.

指明时间关系的副词

注：有关时间的副词，这里做了详细讲解。

副词的短语(词组)

副词词组由一个或多个单词构成，副词是最重要的，可以单独出现或被一些其它词修饰。

Time goes very quickly. (very 修饰 quickly)

The day passed quickly enough. (enough 修饰 quickly)

This works really well for its size. (really 修饰 well)

Luckily for us, the cost was not so high. (for us 修饰 Luckily)

副词词组的分类和意思

举例	种类	副词词组给出的信息
We walked very carefully across the floor.	manner	how something happens
Here is where I was born. That's it. Right there.	place	where something happens
Dad got home very late.	time	when something happens
This pill will take away the pain temporarily.	duration	how long something happens
They almost never invite people to their house these days.	frequency	how often something happens
Only half of students could come to my house.	focusing	something specific
That dog behaves incredibly stupidly.	degree	how much or to what degree something happens
The train will probably be late.	certainly or necessity	how certain or necessary something is
Unfortunately for me, I can't speak English.	evaluative	the speaker's opinion of something
Personally, I don't see why the party has to start so early.	viewpoint	the speaker's perspective or reaction
It rained very heavily this summer. Therefore, many of the vegetables were very small.	linking	relationships between clauses and sentences

副词词组的功能

1. 副词词组修饰动词

   Children grow up really quickly. (really quickly 修饰 grow up)

   I exercise very regularly and I eat quite healthily. (very regularly 修饰 exercise / quite healthily 修饰 eat)

2. 副词词组和be动词搭配

   I'm upstairs. I'll only be a minute.

   I'll be right there.

3. 副词词组修饰形容词或者其它副词

   I found it extremely difficult to talk to her. (extremely 修饰 difficult)

   He drives really carefully. (really 修饰 carefully)

4. 副词词组修饰其他名词短语或介词短语等

   That's quite a tree. (quite 修饰 a tree)

   There was hardly anyone at the concert. (hardly 修饰 anyone)

   We climbed right over the top of the hill and down again. (right 修饰 over the top of the hill)

5. 副词词组修饰一些如all,some,half,may等的限定词

   Only half of my friends could come to my party.

   Very few people have heard of my city. It's very small.