Kubernetes——Pod控制器详解

2021-11-08  本文已影响0人  小波同学

Pod控制器介绍

Pod是kubernetes的最小管理单元,在kubernetes中,按照pod的创建方式可以将其分为两类:

Pod控制器是管理pod的中间层,使用Pod控制器之后,只需要告诉Pod控制器,想要多少个什么样的Pod就可以了,它会创建出满足条件的Pod并确保每一个Pod资源处于用户期望的目标状态。如果Pod资源在运行中出现故障,它会基于指定策略重新编排Pod。

在kubernetes中,有很多类型的pod控制器,每种都有自己的适合的场景,常见的有下面这些:

ReplicaSet(RS)

ReplicaSet的主要作用是保证一定数量的pod正常运行,它会持续监听这些Pod的运行状态,一旦Pod发生故障,就会重启或重建。同时它还支持对pod数量的扩缩容和镜像版本的升降级。

ReplicaSet的资源清单文件:

apiVersion: apps/v1 # 版本号
kind: ReplicaSet # 类型       
metadata: # 元数据
  name: # rs名称 
  namespace: # 所属命名空间 
  labels: #标签
    controller: rs
spec: # 详情描述
  replicas: 3 # 副本数量
  selector: # 选择器,通过它指定该控制器管理哪些pod
    matchLabels:      # Labels匹配规则
      app: nginx-pod
    matchExpressions: # Expressions匹配规则
      - {key: app, operator: In, values: [nginx-pod]}
  template: # 模板,当副本数量不足时,会根据下面的模板创建pod副本
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx-pod
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx:1.20.1
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80

在这里面,需要新了解的配置项就是spec下面几个选项:

创建ReplicaSet

创建pc-replicaset.yaml文件,内容如下:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: ReplicaSet   
metadata:
  name: pc-replicaset
  namespace: dev
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector: 
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx-pod
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx-pod
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx:1.20.1
# 创建rs
[root@master ~]# kubectl create -f pc-replicaset.yaml
replicaset.apps/pc-replicaset created

# 查看rs
# DESIRED:期望副本数量  
# CURRENT:当前副本数量  
# READY:已经准备好提供服务的副本数量
[root@master ~]# kubectl get rs pc-replicaset -n dev -o wide
NAME          DESIRED   CURRENT READY AGE   CONTAINERS   IMAGES             SELECTOR
pc-replicaset 3         3       3     22s   nginx        nginx:1.20.1       app=nginx-pod

# 查看当前控制器创建出来的pod
# 这里发现控制器创建出来的pod的名称是在控制器名称后面拼接了-xxxxx随机码
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pod -n dev
NAME                          READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pc-replicaset-6vmvt   1/1     Running   0          54s
pc-replicaset-fmb8f   1/1     Running   0          54s
pc-replicaset-snrk2   1/1     Running   0          54s

扩缩容

# 编辑rs的副本数量,修改spec:replicas: 6即可
[root@master ~]# kubectl edit rs pc-replicaset -n dev
replicaset.apps/pc-replicaset edited

# 查看pod
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods -n dev
NAME                          READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pc-replicaset-6vmvt   1/1     Running   0          114m
pc-replicaset-cftnp   1/1     Running   0          10s
pc-replicaset-fjlm6   1/1     Running   0          10s
pc-replicaset-fmb8f   1/1     Running   0          114m
pc-replicaset-s2whj   1/1     Running   0          10s
pc-replicaset-snrk2   1/1     Running   0          114m

# 当然也可以直接使用命令实现
# 使用scale命令实现扩缩容, 后面--replicas=n直接指定目标数量即可
[root@master ~]# kubectl scale rs pc-replicaset --replicas=2 -n dev
replicaset.apps/pc-replicaset scaled

# 命令运行完毕,立即查看,发现已经有4个开始准备退出了
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods -n dev
NAME                       READY   STATUS        RESTARTS   AGE
pc-replicaset-6vmvt   0/1     Terminating   0          118m
pc-replicaset-cftnp   0/1     Terminating   0          4m17s
pc-replicaset-fjlm6   0/1     Terminating   0          4m17s
pc-replicaset-fmb8f   1/1     Running       0          118m
pc-replicaset-s2whj   0/1     Terminating   0          4m17s
pc-replicaset-snrk2   1/1     Running       0          118m

#稍等片刻,就只剩下2个了
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods -n dev
NAME                       READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pc-replicaset-fmb8f   1/1     Running   0          119m
pc-replicaset-snrk2   1/1     Running   0          119m

镜像升级

# 编辑rs的容器镜像 - image: nginx:1.21
[root@master ~]# kubectl edit rs pc-replicaset -n dev
replicaset.apps/pc-replicaset edited

# 再次查看,发现镜像版本已经变更了
[root@master ~]# kubectl get rs -n dev -o wide
NAME                DESIRED  CURRENT   READY   AGE    CONTAINERS   IMAGES        ...
pc-replicaset       2        2         2       140m   nginx         nginx:1.21  ...

# 同样的道理,也可以使用命令完成这个工作
# kubectl set image rs rs名称 容器=镜像版本 -n namespace
[root@master ~]# kubectl set image rs pc-replicaset nginx=nginx:1.20.1  -n dev
replicaset.apps/pc-replicaset image updated

# 再次查看,发现镜像版本已经变更了
[root@master ~]# kubectl get rs -n dev -o wide
NAME                 DESIRED  CURRENT   READY   AGE    CONTAINERS   IMAGES            ...
pc-replicaset        2        2         2       145m   nginx        nginx:1.20.1 ... 

删除ReplicaSet

# 使用kubectl delete命令会删除此RS以及它管理的Pod
# 在kubernetes删除RS前,会将RS的replicasclear调整为0,等待所有的Pod被删除后,在执行RS对象的删除
[root@master ~]# kubectl delete rs pc-replicaset -n dev
replicaset.apps "pc-replicaset" deleted
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pod -n dev -o wide
No resources found in dev namespace.

# 如果希望仅仅删除RS对象(保留Pod),可以使用kubectl delete命令时添加--cascade=false选项(不推荐)。
[root@master ~]# kubectl delete rs pc-replicaset -n dev --cascade=false
replicaset.apps "pc-replicaset" deleted
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods -n dev
NAME                  READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pc-replicaset-cl82j   1/1     Running   0          75s
pc-replicaset-dslhb   1/1     Running   0          75s

# 也可以使用yaml直接删除(推荐)
[root@master ~]# kubectl delete -f pc-replicaset.yaml
replicaset.apps "pc-replicaset" deleted

Deployment(Deploy)

为了更好的解决服务编排的问题,kubernetes在V1.2版本开始,引入了Deployment控制器。值得一提的是,这种控制器并不直接管理pod,而是通过管理ReplicaSet来简介管理Pod,即:Deployment管理ReplicaSet,ReplicaSet管理Pod。所以Deployment比ReplicaSet功能更加强大。

Deployment主要功能有下面几个:

Deployment的资源清单文件:

apiVersion: apps/v1 # 版本号
kind: Deployment # 类型       
metadata: # 元数据
  name: # rs名称 
  namespace: # 所属命名空间 
  labels: #标签
    controller: deploy
spec: # 详情描述
  replicas: 3 # 副本数量
  revisionHistoryLimit: 3 # 保留历史版本
  paused: false # 暂停部署,默认是false
  progressDeadlineSeconds: 600 # 部署超时时间(s),默认是600
  strategy: # 策略
    type: RollingUpdate # 滚动更新策略
    rollingUpdate: # 滚动更新
      maxSurge: 30% # 最大额外可以存在的副本数,可以为百分比,也可以为整数
      maxUnavailable: 30% # 最大不可用状态的 Pod 的最大值,可以为百分比,也可以为整数
  selector: # 选择器,通过它指定该控制器管理哪些pod
    matchLabels:      # Labels匹配规则
      app: nginx-pod
    matchExpressions: # Expressions匹配规则
      - {key: app, operator: In, values: [nginx-pod]}
  template: # 模板,当副本数量不足时,会根据下面的模板创建pod副本
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx-pod
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx:1.20.1
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80

创建deployment

创建pc-deployment.yaml,内容如下:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment      
metadata:
  name: pc-deployment
  namespace: dev
spec: 
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx-pod
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx-pod
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx:1.20.1
# 创建deployment
[root@master ~]# kubectl create -f pc-deployment.yaml --record=true
deployment.apps/pc-deployment created

# 查看deployment
# UP-TO-DATE 最新版本的pod的数量
# AVAILABLE  当前可用的pod的数量
[root@master ~]# kubectl get deploy pc-deployment -n dev
NAME            READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
pc-deployment   3/3     3            3           15s

# 查看rs
# 发现rs的名称是在原来deployment的名字后面添加了一个10位数的随机串
[root@master ~]# kubectl get rs -n dev
NAME                       DESIRED   CURRENT   READY   AGE
pc-deployment-6696798b78   3         3         3       23s

# 查看pod
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods -n dev
NAME                             READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pc-deployment-6696798b78-d2c8n   1/1     Running   0          107s
pc-deployment-6696798b78-smpvp   1/1     Running   0          107s
pc-deployment-6696798b78-wvjd8   1/1     Running   0          107s

扩缩容

# 变更副本数量为5个
[root@master ~]# kubectl scale deploy pc-deployment --replicas=5  -n dev
deployment.apps/pc-deployment scaled

# 查看deployment
[root@master ~]# kubectl get deploy pc-deployment -n dev
NAME            READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
pc-deployment   5/5     5            5           2m

# 查看pod
[root@master ~]#  kubectl get pods -n dev
NAME                             READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pc-deployment-6696798b78-d2c8n   1/1     Running   0          4m19s
pc-deployment-6696798b78-jxmdq   1/1     Running   0          94s
pc-deployment-6696798b78-mktqv   1/1     Running   0          93s
pc-deployment-6696798b78-smpvp   1/1     Running   0          4m19s
pc-deployment-6696798b78-wvjd8   1/1     Running   0          4m19s

# 编辑deployment的副本数量,修改spec:replicas: 4即可
[root@master ~]# kubectl edit deploy pc-deployment -n dev
deployment.apps/pc-deployment edited

# 查看pod
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods -n dev
NAME                             READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pc-deployment-6696798b78-d2c8n   1/1     Running   0          5m23s
pc-deployment-6696798b78-jxmdq   1/1     Running   0          2m38s
pc-deployment-6696798b78-smpvp   1/1     Running   0          5m23s
pc-deployment-6696798b78-wvjd8   1/1     Running   0          5m23s

镜像更新

deployment支持两种更新策略:重建更新滚动更新,可以通过strategy指定策略类型,支持两个属性:

strategy:指定新的Pod替换旧的Pod的策略, 支持两个属性:
  type:指定策略类型,支持两种策略
    Recreate:在创建出新的Pod之前会先杀掉所有已存在的Pod
    RollingUpdate:滚动更新,就是杀死一部分,就启动一部分,在更新过程中,存在两个版本Pod
  rollingUpdate:当type为RollingUpdate时生效,用于为RollingUpdate设置参数,支持两个属性:
    maxUnavailable:用来指定在升级过程中不可用Pod的最大数量,默认为25%。
    maxSurge: 用来指定在升级过程中可以超过期望的Pod的最大数量,默认为25%。

重建更新

spec:
  strategy: # 策略
    type: Recreate # 重建更新
# 变更镜像
[root@master ~]# kubectl set image deployment pc-deployment nginx=nginx:1.20.1 -n dev
deployment.apps/pc-deployment image updated

# 观察升级过程
[root@master ~]#  kubectl get pods -n dev -w
NAME                             READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-65qcw   1/1     Running   0          31s
pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-w5nzv   1/1     Running   0          31s
pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-xpt7w   1/1     Running   0          31s

pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-xpt7w   1/1     Terminating   0          41s
pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-65qcw   1/1     Terminating   0          41s
pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-w5nzv   1/1     Terminating   0          41s

pc-deployment-675d469f8b-grn8z   0/1     Pending       0          0s
pc-deployment-675d469f8b-hbl4v   0/1     Pending       0          0s
pc-deployment-675d469f8b-67nz2   0/1     Pending       0          0s

pc-deployment-675d469f8b-grn8z   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          0s
pc-deployment-675d469f8b-hbl4v   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          0s
pc-deployment-675d469f8b-67nz2   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          0s

pc-deployment-675d469f8b-grn8z   1/1     Running             0          1s
pc-deployment-675d469f8b-67nz2   1/1     Running             0          1s
pc-deployment-675d469f8b-hbl4v   1/1     Running             0          2s

滚动更新

spec:
  strategy: # 策略
    type: RollingUpdate # 滚动更新策略
    rollingUpdate:
      maxSurge: 25% 
      maxUnavailable: 25%
# 变更镜像
[root@master ~]# kubectl set image deployment pc-deployment nginx=nginx:1.21 -n dev
deployment.apps/pc-deployment image updated

# 观察升级过程
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods -n dev -w
NAME                           READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pc-deployment-c848d767-8rbzt   1/1     Running   0          31m
pc-deployment-c848d767-h4p68   1/1     Running   0          31m
pc-deployment-c848d767-hlmz4   1/1     Running   0          31m
pc-deployment-c848d767-rrqcn   1/1     Running   0          31m

pc-deployment-966bf7f44-226rx   0/1     Pending             0          0s
pc-deployment-966bf7f44-226rx   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          0s
pc-deployment-966bf7f44-226rx   1/1     Running             0          1s
pc-deployment-c848d767-h4p68    0/1     Terminating         0          34m

pc-deployment-966bf7f44-cnd44   0/1     Pending             0          0s
pc-deployment-966bf7f44-cnd44   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          0s
pc-deployment-966bf7f44-cnd44   1/1     Running             0          2s
pc-deployment-c848d767-hlmz4    0/1     Terminating         0          34m

pc-deployment-966bf7f44-px48p   0/1     Pending             0          0s
pc-deployment-966bf7f44-px48p   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          0s
pc-deployment-966bf7f44-px48p   1/1     Running             0          0s
pc-deployment-c848d767-8rbzt    0/1     Terminating         0          34m

pc-deployment-966bf7f44-dkmqp   0/1     Pending             0          0s
pc-deployment-966bf7f44-dkmqp   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          0s
pc-deployment-966bf7f44-dkmqp   1/1     Running             0          2s
pc-deployment-c848d767-rrqcn    0/1     Terminating         0          34m

# 至此,新版本的pod创建完毕,旧版本的pod销毁完毕
# 中间过程是滚动进行的,也就是边销毁边创建

滚动更新的过程:


镜像更新中rs的变化:

# 查看rs,发现原来的rs的依旧存在,只是pod数量变为了0,而后又新产生了一个rs,pod数量为4
# 其实这就是deployment能够进行版本回退的奥妙所在,后面会详细解释
[root@master ~]# kubectl get rs -n dev
NAME                       DESIRED   CURRENT   READY   AGE
pc-deployment-6696798b78   0         0         0       7m37s
pc-deployment-6696798b11   0         0         0       5m37s
pc-deployment-c848d76789   4         4         4       72s

版本回退

deployment支持版本升级过程中的暂停、继续功能以及版本回退等诸多功能,下面具体来看.

kubectl rollout: 版本升级相关功能,支持下面的选项:

# 查看当前升级版本的状态
[root@master ~]# kubectl rollout status deploy pc-deployment -n dev
deployment "pc-deployment" successfully rolled out

# 查看升级历史记录
[root@master ~]# kubectl rollout history deploy pc-deployment -n dev
deployment.apps/pc-deployment
REVISION  CHANGE-CAUSE
1         kubectl create --filename=pc-deployment.yaml --record=true
2         kubectl create --filename=pc-deployment.yaml --record=true
3         kubectl create --filename=pc-deployment.yaml --record=true
# 可以发现有三次版本记录,说明完成过两次升级

# 版本回滚
# 这里直接使用--to-revision=1回滚到了1版本, 如果省略这个选项,就是回退到上个版本,就是2版本
[root@master ~]# kubectl rollout undo deployment pc-deployment --to-revision=1 -n dev
deployment.apps/pc-deployment rolled back

# 查看发现,通过nginx镜像版本可以发现到了第一版
[root@master ~]# kubectl get deploy -n dev -o wide
NAME            READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE   CONTAINERS   IMAGES         
pc-deployment   4/4     4            4           74m   nginx        nginx:1.17.1   

# 查看rs,发现第一个rs中有4个pod运行,后面两个版本的rs中pod为运行
# 其实deployment之所以可是实现版本的回滚,就是通过记录下历史rs来实现的,
# 一旦想回滚到哪个版本,只需要将当前版本pod数量降为0,然后将回滚版本的pod提升为目标数量就可以了
[root@master ~]# kubectl get rs -n dev
NAME                       DESIRED   CURRENT   READY   AGE
pc-deployment-6696798b78   4         4         4       78m
pc-deployment-966bf7f44    0         0         0       37m
pc-deployment-c848d767     0         0         0       71m

金丝雀发布

Deployment控制器支持控制更新过程中的控制,如“暂停(pause)”或“继续(resume)”更新操作。

比如有一批新的Pod资源创建完成后立即暂停更新过程,此时,仅存在一部分新版本的应用,主体部分还是旧的版本。然后,再筛选一小部分的用户请求路由到新版本的Pod应用,继续观察能否稳定地按期望的方式运行。确定没问题之后再继续完成余下的Pod资源滚动更新,否则立即回滚更新操作。这就是所谓的金丝雀发布。

# 更新deployment的版本,并配置暂停deployment
[root@master ~]#  kubectl set image deploy pc-deployment nginx=nginx:1.21.3 -n dev && kubectl rollout pause deployment pc-deployment  -n dev
deployment.apps/pc-deployment image updated
deployment.apps/pc-deployment paused

#观察更新状态
[root@master ~]# kubectl rollout status deploy pc-deployment -n dev 
Waiting for deployment "pc-deployment" rollout to finish: 2 out of 4 new replicas have been updated...

# 监控更新的过程,可以看到已经新增了一个资源,但是并未按照预期的状态去删除一个旧的资源,就是因为使用了pause暂停命令

[root@master ~]# kubectl get rs -n dev -o wide
NAME                       DESIRED   CURRENT   READY   AGE     CONTAINERS   IMAGES         
pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9   3         3         3       19m     nginx        nginx:1.17.1   
pc-deployment-675d469f8b   0         0         0       14m     nginx        nginx:1.17.2   
pc-deployment-6c9f56fcfb   2         2         2       3m16s   nginx        nginx:1.17.4   
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods -n dev
NAME                             READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-rj8sq   1/1     Running   0          7m33s
pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-ttwgg   1/1     Running   0          7m35s
pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9-v4wvc   1/1     Running   0          7m34s
pc-deployment-6c9f56fcfb-996rt   1/1     Running   0          3m31s
pc-deployment-6c9f56fcfb-j2gtj   1/1     Running   0          3m31s

# 确保更新的pod没问题了,继续更新
[root@master ~]# kubectl rollout resume deploy pc-deployment -n dev
deployment.apps/pc-deployment resumed

# 查看最后的更新情况
[root@master ~]# kubectl get rs -n dev -o wide
NAME                       DESIRED   CURRENT   READY   AGE     CONTAINERS   IMAGES         
pc-deployment-5d89bdfbf9   0         0         0       21m     nginx        nginx:1.17.1   
pc-deployment-675d469f8b   0         0         0       16m     nginx        nginx:1.17.2   
pc-deployment-6c9f56fcfb   4         4         4       5m11s   nginx        nginx:1.17.4   

[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods -n dev
NAME                             READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pc-deployment-6c9f56fcfb-7bfwh   1/1     Running   0          37s
pc-deployment-6c9f56fcfb-996rt   1/1     Running   0          5m27s
pc-deployment-6c9f56fcfb-j2gtj   1/1     Running   0          5m27s
pc-deployment-6c9f56fcfb-rf84v   1/1     Running   0          37s

删除Deployment

# 删除deployment,其下的rs和pod也将被删除
[root@master ~]# kubectl delete -f pc-deployment.yaml
deployment.apps "pc-deployment" deleted

Horizontal Pod Autoscaler(HPA)

在上面,我们已经可以实现通过手工执行kubectl scale命令实现Pod扩容或缩容,但是这显然不符合Kubernetes的定位目标——自动化、智能化。 Kubernetes期望可以实现通过监测Pod的使用情况,实现pod数量的自动调整,于是就产生了Horizontal Pod Autoscaler(HPA)这种控制器。

HPA可以获取每个Pod利用率,然后和HPA中定义的指标进行对比,同时计算出需要伸缩的具体值,最后实现Pod的数量的调整。其实HPA与之前的Deployment一样,也属于一种Kubernetes资源对象,它通过追踪分析RC控制的所有目标Pod的负载变化情况,来确定是否需要针对性地调整目标Pod的副本数,这是HPA的实现原理。

接下来,我们来做一个实验

1、安装metrics-server

metrics-server可以用来收集集群中的资源使用情况

# 安装git
[root@master ~]# yum install git -y
# 获取metrics-server, 注意使用的版本
[root@master ~]# git clone -b v0.3.6 https://github.com/kubernetes-incubator/metrics-server
# 修改deployment, 注意修改的是镜像和初始化参数
[root@master ~]# cd /root/metrics-server/deploy/1.8+/
[root@master 1.8+]# vim metrics-server-deployment.yaml
按图中添加下面选项
hostNetwork: true
image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/metrics-server-amd64:v0.3.6
args:
- --kubelet-insecure-tls
- --kubelet-preferred-address-types=InternalIP,Hostname,InternalDNS,ExternalDNS,ExternalIP
# 安装metrics-server
[root@master 1.8+]# kubectl apply -f ./

# 查看pod运行情况
[root@master 1.8+]# kubectl get pod -n kube-system
metrics-server-6b976979db-2xwbj   1/1     Running   0          90s

# 使用kubectl top node 查看资源使用情况
[root@master 1.8+]# kubectl top node
NAME     CPU(cores)   CPU%   MEMORY(bytes)   MEMORY%
master   98m          4%     1067Mi          62%
node1    27m          1%     727Mi           42%
node2    34m          1%     800Mi           46%
[root@master 1.8+]# kubectl top pod -n kube-system
NAME                              CPU(cores)   MEMORY(bytes)
coredns-6955765f44-7ptsb          3m           9Mi
coredns-6955765f44-vcwr5          3m           8Mi
etcd-master                       14m          145Mi
...
# 至此,metrics-server安装完成

2、准备deployment和servie

为了操作简单,直接使用命令

# 创建deployment 
[root@master 1.8+]# kubectl run nginx --image=nginx:latest --requests=cpu=100m -n dev
# 创建service
[root@master 1.8+]# kubectl expose deployment nginx --type=NodePort --port=80 -n dev

# 查看
[root@master 1.8+]# kubectl get deployment,pod,svc -n dev
NAME                    READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
deployment.apps/nginx   1/1     1            1           47s

NAME                         READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pod/nginx-7df9756ccc-bh8dr   1/1     Running   0          47s

NAME            TYPE       CLUSTER-IP      EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)        AGE
service/nginx   NodePort   10.109.57.248   <none>        80:31136/TCP   35s

3、部署HPA

创建pc-hpa.yaml

apiVersion: autoscaling/v1
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
metadata:
  name: pc-hpa
  namespace: dev
spec:
  minReplicas: 1  #最小pod数量
  maxReplicas: 10 #最大pod数量
  targetCPUUtilizationPercentage: 3 # CPU使用率指标
  scaleTargetRef:   # 指定要控制的nginx信息
    apiVersion: apps/v1
    kind: Deployment  
    name: nginx  
# 创建hpa
[root@master 1.8+]# kubectl create -f pc-hpa.yaml
horizontalpodautoscaler.autoscaling/pc-hpa created

# 查看hpa
[root@master 1.8+]# kubectl get hpa -n dev
NAME     REFERENCE          TARGETS   MINPODS   MAXPODS   REPLICAS   AGE
pc-hpa   Deployment/nginx   0%/3%     1         10        1          62s

4、测试

使用压测工具对service地址192.168.109.100:31136进行压测,然后通过控制台查看hpa和pod的变化

hpa变化

[root@master ~]# kubectl get hpa -n dev -w
NAME     REFERENCE          TARGETS   MINPODS   MAXPODS   REPLICAS   AGE
pc-hpa   Deployment/nginx   0%/3%     1         10        1          4m11s
pc-hpa   Deployment/nginx   0%/3%     1         10        1          5m19s
pc-hpa   Deployment/nginx   22%/3%    1         10        1          6m50s
pc-hpa   Deployment/nginx   22%/3%    1         10        4          7m5s
pc-hpa   Deployment/nginx   22%/3%    1         10        8          7m21s
pc-hpa   Deployment/nginx   6%/3%     1         10        8          7m51s
pc-hpa   Deployment/nginx   0%/3%     1         10        8          9m6s
pc-hpa   Deployment/nginx   0%/3%     1         10        8          13m
pc-hpa   Deployment/nginx   0%/3%     1         10        1          14m

deployment变化

[root@master ~]# kubectl get deployment -n dev -w
NAME    READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
nginx   1/1     1            1           11m
nginx   1/4     1            1           13m
nginx   1/4     1            1           13m
nginx   1/4     1            1           13m
nginx   1/4     4            1           13m
nginx   1/8     4            1           14m
nginx   1/8     4            1           14m
nginx   1/8     4            1           14m
nginx   1/8     8            1           14m
nginx   2/8     8            2           14m
nginx   3/8     8            3           14m
nginx   4/8     8            4           14m
nginx   5/8     8            5           14m
nginx   6/8     8            6           14m
nginx   7/8     8            7           14m
nginx   8/8     8            8           15m
nginx   8/1     8            8           20m
nginx   8/1     8            8           20m
nginx   1/1     1            1           20m

pod变化

[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods -n dev -w
NAME                     READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
nginx-7df9756ccc-bh8dr   1/1     Running   0          11m
nginx-7df9756ccc-cpgrv   0/1     Pending   0          0s
nginx-7df9756ccc-8zhwk   0/1     Pending   0          0s
nginx-7df9756ccc-rr9bn   0/1     Pending   0          0s
nginx-7df9756ccc-cpgrv   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          0s
nginx-7df9756ccc-8zhwk   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          0s
nginx-7df9756ccc-rr9bn   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          0s
nginx-7df9756ccc-m9gsj   0/1     Pending             0          0s
nginx-7df9756ccc-g56qb   0/1     Pending             0          0s
nginx-7df9756ccc-sl9c6   0/1     Pending             0          0s
nginx-7df9756ccc-fgst7   0/1     Pending             0          0s
nginx-7df9756ccc-g56qb   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          0s
nginx-7df9756ccc-m9gsj   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          0s
nginx-7df9756ccc-sl9c6   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          0s
nginx-7df9756ccc-fgst7   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          0s
nginx-7df9756ccc-8zhwk   1/1     Running             0          19s
nginx-7df9756ccc-rr9bn   1/1     Running             0          30s
nginx-7df9756ccc-m9gsj   1/1     Running             0          21s
nginx-7df9756ccc-cpgrv   1/1     Running             0          47s
nginx-7df9756ccc-sl9c6   1/1     Running             0          33s
nginx-7df9756ccc-g56qb   1/1     Running             0          48s
nginx-7df9756ccc-fgst7   1/1     Running             0          66s
nginx-7df9756ccc-fgst7   1/1     Terminating         0          6m50s
nginx-7df9756ccc-8zhwk   1/1     Terminating         0          7m5s
nginx-7df9756ccc-cpgrv   1/1     Terminating         0          7m5s
nginx-7df9756ccc-g56qb   1/1     Terminating         0          6m50s
nginx-7df9756ccc-rr9bn   1/1     Terminating         0          7m5s
nginx-7df9756ccc-m9gsj   1/1     Terminating         0          6m50s
nginx-7df9756ccc-sl9c6   1/1     Terminating         0          6m50s

DaemonSet(DS)

DaemonSet类型的控制器可以保证在集群中的每一台(或指定)节点上都运行一个副本。一般适用于日志收集、节点监控等场景。也就是说,如果一个Pod提供的功能是节点级别的(每个节点都需要且只需要一个),那么这类Pod就适合使用DaemonSet类型的控制器创建。

DaemonSet控制器的特点:

下面先来看下DaemonSet的资源清单文件

apiVersion: apps/v1 # 版本号
kind: DaemonSet # 类型       
metadata: # 元数据
  name: # rs名称 
  namespace: # 所属命名空间 
  labels: #标签
    controller: daemonset
spec: # 详情描述
  revisionHistoryLimit: 3 # 保留历史版本
  updateStrategy: # 更新策略
    type: RollingUpdate # 滚动更新策略
    rollingUpdate: # 滚动更新
      maxUnavailable: 1 # 最大不可用状态的 Pod 的最大值,可以为百分比,也可以为整数
  selector: # 选择器,通过它指定该控制器管理哪些pod
    matchLabels:      # Labels匹配规则
      app: nginx-pod
    matchExpressions: # Expressions匹配规则
      - {key: app, operator: In, values: [nginx-pod]}
  template: # 模板,当副本数量不足时,会根据下面的模板创建pod副本
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx-pod
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx:1.20.1
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80

创建pc-daemonset.yaml,内容如下:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet      
metadata:
  name: pc-daemonset
  namespace: dev
spec: 
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx-pod
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx-pod
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx:1.20.1
# 创建daemonset
[root@master ~]# kubectl create -f  pc-daemonset.yaml
daemonset.apps/pc-daemonset created

# 查看daemonset
[root@master ~]#  kubectl get ds -n dev -o wide
NAME        DESIRED  CURRENT  READY  UP-TO-DATE  AVAILABLE   AGE   CONTAINERS   IMAGES         
pc-daemonset   2        2        2      2           2        24s   nginx        nginx:1.17.1   

# 查看pod,发现在每个Node上都运行一个pod
[root@master ~]#  kubectl get pods -n dev -o wide
NAME                 READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP            NODE    
pc-daemonset-9bck8   1/1     Running   0          37s   10.244.1.43   node1     
pc-daemonset-k224w   1/1     Running   0          37s   10.244.2.74   node2      

# 删除daemonset
[root@master ~]# kubectl delete -f pc-daemonset.yaml
daemonset.apps "pc-daemonset" deleted

Job

Job,主要用于负责批量处理(一次要处理指定数量任务)短暂的一次性(每个任务仅运行一次就结束)任务。Job特点如下:

Job的资源清单文件:

apiVersion: batch/v1 # 版本号
kind: Job # 类型       
metadata: # 元数据
  name: # rs名称 
  namespace: # 所属命名空间 
  labels: #标签
    controller: job
spec: # 详情描述
  completions: 1 # 指定job需要成功运行Pods的次数。默认值: 1
  parallelism: 1 # 指定job在任一时刻应该并发运行Pods的数量。默认值: 1
  activeDeadlineSeconds: 30 # 指定job可运行的时间期限,超过时间还未结束,系统将会尝试进行终止。
  backoffLimit: 6 # 指定job失败后进行重试的次数。默认是6
  manualSelector: true # 是否可以使用selector选择器选择pod,默认是false
  selector: # 选择器,通过它指定该控制器管理哪些pod
    matchLabels:      # Labels匹配规则
      app: counter-pod
    matchExpressions: # Expressions匹配规则
      - {key: app, operator: In, values: [counter-pod]}
  template: # 模板,当副本数量不足时,会根据下面的模板创建pod副本
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: counter-pod
    spec:
      restartPolicy: Never # 重启策略只能设置为Never或者OnFailure
      containers:
      - name: counter
        image: busybox:1.30
        command: ["bin/sh","-c","for i in 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1; do echo $i;sleep 2;done"]

关于重启策略设置的说明:

  • 如果指定为OnFailure,则job会在pod出现故障时重启容器,而不是创建pod,failed次数不变
  • 如果指定为Never,则job会在pod出现故障时创建新的pod,并且故障pod不会消失,也不会重启,failed次数加1
  • 如果指定为Always的话,就意味着一直重启,意味着job任务会重复去执行了,当然不对,所以不能设置为Always

创建pc-job.yaml,内容如下:

apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: Job      
metadata:
  name: pc-job
  namespace: dev
spec:
  manualSelector: true
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: counter-pod
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: counter-pod
    spec:
      restartPolicy: Never
      containers:
      - name: counter
        image: busybox:1.30
        command: ["bin/sh","-c","for i in 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1; do echo $i;sleep 3;done"]
# 创建job
[root@master ~]# kubectl create -f pc-job.yaml
job.batch/pc-job created

# 查看job
[root@master ~]# kubectl get job -n dev -o wide  -w
NAME     COMPLETIONS   DURATION   AGE   CONTAINERS   IMAGES         SELECTOR
pc-job   0/1           21s        21s   counter      busybox:1.30   app=counter-pod
pc-job   1/1           31s        79s   counter      busybox:1.30   app=counter-pod

# 通过观察pod状态可以看到,pod在运行完毕任务后,就会变成Completed状态
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods -n dev -w
NAME           READY   STATUS     RESTARTS      AGE
pc-job-rxg96   1/1     Running     0            29s
pc-job-rxg96   0/1     Completed   0            33s

# 接下来,调整下pod运行的总数量和并行数量 即:在spec下设置下面两个选项
#  completions: 6 # 指定job需要成功运行Pods的次数为6
#  parallelism: 3 # 指定job并发运行Pods的数量为3
#  然后重新运行job,观察效果,此时会发现,job会每次运行3个pod,总共执行了6个pod
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods -n dev -w
NAME           READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pc-job-684ft   1/1     Running   0          5s
pc-job-jhj49   1/1     Running   0          5s
pc-job-pfcvh   1/1     Running   0          5s
pc-job-684ft   0/1     Completed   0          11s
pc-job-v7rhr   0/1     Pending     0          0s
pc-job-v7rhr   0/1     Pending     0          0s
pc-job-v7rhr   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          0s
pc-job-jhj49   0/1     Completed           0          11s
pc-job-fhwf7   0/1     Pending             0          0s
pc-job-fhwf7   0/1     Pending             0          0s
pc-job-pfcvh   0/1     Completed           0          11s
pc-job-5vg2j   0/1     Pending             0          0s
pc-job-fhwf7   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          0s
pc-job-5vg2j   0/1     Pending             0          0s
pc-job-5vg2j   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          0s
pc-job-fhwf7   1/1     Running             0          2s
pc-job-v7rhr   1/1     Running             0          2s
pc-job-5vg2j   1/1     Running             0          3s
pc-job-fhwf7   0/1     Completed           0          12s
pc-job-v7rhr   0/1     Completed           0          12s
pc-job-5vg2j   0/1     Completed           0          12s

# 删除job
[root@master ~]# kubectl delete -f pc-job.yaml
job.batch "pc-job" deleted

CronJob(CJ)

CronJob控制器以Job控制器资源为其管控对象,并借助它管理pod资源对象,Job控制器定义的作业任务在其控制器资源创建之后便会立即执行,但CronJob可以以类似于Linux操作系统的周期性任务作业计划的方式控制其运行时间点重复运行的方式。也就是说,CronJob可以在特定的时间点(反复的)去运行job任务

CronJob的资源清单文件:

apiVersion: batch/v1beta1 # 版本号
kind: CronJob # 类型       
metadata: # 元数据
  name: # rs名称 
  namespace: # 所属命名空间 
  labels: #标签
    controller: cronjob
spec: # 详情描述
  schedule: # cron格式的作业调度运行时间点,用于控制任务在什么时间执行
  concurrencyPolicy: # 并发执行策略,用于定义前一次作业运行尚未完成时是否以及如何运行后一次的作业
  failedJobHistoryLimit: # 为失败的任务执行保留的历史记录数,默认为1
  successfulJobHistoryLimit: # 为成功的任务执行保留的历史记录数,默认为3
  startingDeadlineSeconds: # 启动作业错误的超时时长
  jobTemplate: # job控制器模板,用于为cronjob控制器生成job对象;下面其实就是job的定义
    metadata:
    spec:
      completions: 1
      parallelism: 1
      activeDeadlineSeconds: 30
      backoffLimit: 6
      manualSelector: true
      selector:
        matchLabels:
          app: counter-pod
        matchExpressions: 规则
          - {key: app, operator: In, values: [counter-pod]}
      template:
        metadata:
          labels:
            app: counter-pod
        spec:
          restartPolicy: Never 
          containers:
          - name: counter
            image: busybox:1.30
            command: ["bin/sh","-c","for i in 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1; do echo $i;sleep 20;done"]

需要重点解释的几个选项:
schedule: cron表达式,用于指定任务的执行时间

创建pc-cronjob.yaml,内容如下:

apiVersion: batch/v1beta1
kind: CronJob
metadata:
  name: pc-cronjob
  namespace: dev
  labels:
    controller: cronjob
spec:
  schedule: "*/1 * * * *"
  jobTemplate:
    metadata:
    spec:
      template:
        spec:
          restartPolicy: Never
          containers:
          - name: counter
            image: busybox:1.30
            command: ["bin/sh","-c","for i in 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1; do echo $i;sleep 3;done"]
# 创建cronjob
[root@master ~]# kubectl create -f pc-cronjob.yaml
cronjob.batch/pc-cronjob created

# 查看cronjob
[root@master ~]# kubectl get cronjobs -n dev
NAME         SCHEDULE      SUSPEND   ACTIVE   LAST SCHEDULE   AGE
pc-cronjob   */1 * * * *   False     0        <none>          6s

# 查看job
[root@master ~]# kubectl get jobs -n dev
NAME                    COMPLETIONS   DURATION   AGE
pc-cronjob-1592587800   1/1           28s        3m26s
pc-cronjob-1592587860   1/1           28s        2m26s
pc-cronjob-1592587920   1/1           28s        86s

# 查看pod
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods -n dev
pc-cronjob-1592587800-x4tsm   0/1     Completed   0          2m24s
pc-cronjob-1592587860-r5gv4   0/1     Completed   0          84s
pc-cronjob-1592587920-9dxxq   1/1     Running     0          24s


# 删除cronjob
[root@master ~]# kubectl  delete -f pc-cronjob.yaml
cronjob.batch "pc-cronjob" deleted

参考:
https://www.cnblogs.com/YunyaSir/articles/14593247.html

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