书名：代码本色：用编程模拟自然系统
作者：Daniel Shiffman
译者：周晗彬
ISBN：978-7-115-36947-5
第6章目录

6.6　流场

继续学习Reynolds的其他转向行为。

1、流场

• 把Processing窗口当做一个网格，每个单元格都有一个向量指向特定方向，这样的模型就是流场。在小车的移动过程中，它会说：“位于我下方的箭头就是我的所需速度！”

  
  图6-14

• 在Reynolds的流场跟随模型中，小车应该能预测自己的未来位置，并使用未来位置对应的流场向量。但为了让例子更简单，我们只检查小车当前位置对应的流场向量。

2、Vehicle类

• 在为Vehicle类添加额外代码之前，我们应该先创建一个流场（FlowField）类，这是一个向量网格。二维数组是一种很方便的数据结构，可用于存放网格信息。

• 流场可用于多种效果的模拟，如不规则的风以及蜿蜒的河流等。用Perlin噪声计算向量的方向是一种有效的实现方式。流场向量的计算并没有绝对“正确”的方式，它完全取决于目标效果。

• 现在，我们有一个二维数组用于存放流场的所有向量。下面要做的就是在流场中查询小车的所需速度。假设小车正位于某个坐标，首先要将这个坐标除以网格的resolution。如果resolution等于10，小车的坐标是(100,50)，我们就应该查询位于第10列和第5行的单元格。

• 由于小车可能离开Processing屏幕，所以我们还需要用constrain()函数确保它不会越界访问流场数组。最后，我们在流场（FlowField）类中加入一个lookup()函数——这个函数的参数是一个PVector对象（代表小车的位置），返回值是该位置的流场向量。

• 假设有一个流场对象flow，通过调用它的lookup()函数，我们就能获得小车在流场中的所需速度，再通过Reynolds的转向力公式（转向力 = 所需速度 - 当前速度），就能得到转向力。

3、示例

示例代码6-4　流场跟随

boolean debug = true;

// Flowfield object
FlowField flowfield;
// An ArrayList of vehicles
ArrayList<Vehicle> vehicles;

void setup() {
  size(640, 360);
  // Make a new flow field with "resolution" of 16
  flowfield = new FlowField(20);
  vehicles = new ArrayList<Vehicle>();
  // Make a whole bunch of vehicles with random maxspeed and maxforce values
  for (int i = 0; i < 120; i++) {
    vehicles.add(new Vehicle(new PVector(random(width), random(height)), random(2, 5), random(0.1, 0.5)));
  }
}

void draw() {
  background(255);
  // Display the flowfield in "debug" mode
  if (debug) flowfield.display();
  // Tell all the vehicles to follow the flow field
  for (Vehicle v : vehicles) {
    v.follow(flowfield);
    v.run();
  }

  // Instructions
  fill(0);
  text("Hit space bar to toggle debugging lines.\nClick the mouse to generate a new flow field.",10,height-20);
}


void keyPressed() {
  if (key == ' ') {
    debug = !debug;
  }
}

// Make a new flowfield
void mousePressed() {
  flowfield.init();
}

FlowField.pde

class FlowField {

  // A flow field is a two dimensional array of PVectors
  PVector[][] field;
  int cols, rows; // Columns and Rows
  int resolution; // How large is each "cell" of the flow field

  FlowField(int r) {
    resolution = r;
    // Determine the number of columns and rows based on sketch's width and height
    cols = width/resolution;
    rows = height/resolution;
    field = new PVector[cols][rows];
    init();
  }

  void init() {
    // Reseed noise so we get a new flow field every time
    noiseSeed((int)random(10000));
    float xoff = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < cols; i++) {
      float yoff = 0;
      for (int j = 0; j < rows; j++) {
        float theta = map(noise(xoff,yoff),0,1,0,TWO_PI);
        // Polar to cartesian coordinate transformation to get x and y components of the vector
        field[i][j] = new PVector(cos(theta),sin(theta));
        yoff += 0.1;
      }
      xoff += 0.1;
    }
  }

  // Draw every vector
  void display() {
    for (int i = 0; i < cols; i++) {
      for (int j = 0; j < rows; j++) {
        drawVector(field[i][j],i*resolution,j*resolution,resolution-2);
      }
    }

  }

  // Renders a vector object 'v' as an arrow and a position 'x,y'
  void drawVector(PVector v, float x, float y, float scayl) {
    pushMatrix();
    float arrowsize = 4;
    // Translate to position to render vector
    translate(x,y);
    stroke(0,100);
    // Call vector heading function to get direction (note that pointing to the right is a heading of 0) and rotate
    rotate(v.heading2D());
    // Calculate length of vector & scale it to be bigger or smaller if necessary
    float len = v.mag()*scayl;
    // Draw three lines to make an arrow (draw pointing up since we've rotate to the proper direction)
    line(0,0,len,0);
    //line(len,0,len-arrowsize,+arrowsize/2);
    //line(len,0,len-arrowsize,-arrowsize/2);
    popMatrix();
  }

  PVector lookup(PVector lookup) {
    int column = int(constrain(lookup.x/resolution,0,cols-1));
    int row = int(constrain(lookup.y/resolution,0,rows-1));
    return field[column][row].get();
  }

}

Vehicle.pde

class Vehicle {

  // The usual stuff
  PVector position;
  PVector velocity;
  PVector acceleration;
  float r;
  float maxforce;    // Maximum steering force
  float maxspeed;    // Maximum speed

    Vehicle(PVector l, float ms, float mf) {
    position = l.get();
    r = 3.0;
    maxspeed = ms;
    maxforce = mf;
    acceleration = new PVector(0,0);
    velocity = new PVector(0,0);
  }

  public void run() {
    update();
    borders();
    display();
  }


  // Implementing Reynolds' flow field following algorithm
  // http://www.red3d.com/cwr/steer/FlowFollow.html
  void follow(FlowField flow) {
    // What is the vector at that spot in the flow field?
    PVector desired = flow.lookup(position);
    // Scale it up by maxspeed
    desired.mult(maxspeed);
    // Steering is desired minus velocity
    PVector steer = PVector.sub(desired, velocity);
    steer.limit(maxforce);  // Limit to maximum steering force
    applyForce(steer);
  }

  void applyForce(PVector force) {
    // We could add mass here if we want A = F / M
    acceleration.add(force);
  }

  // Method to update position
  void update() {
    // Update velocity
    velocity.add(acceleration);
    // Limit speed
    velocity.limit(maxspeed);
    position.add(velocity);
    // Reset accelertion to 0 each cycle
    acceleration.mult(0);
  }

  void display() {
    // Draw a triangle rotated in the direction of velocity
    float theta = velocity.heading2D() + radians(90);
    fill(175);
    stroke(0);
    pushMatrix();
    translate(position.x,position.y);
    rotate(theta);
    beginShape(TRIANGLES);
    vertex(0, -r*2);
    vertex(-r, r*2);
    vertex(r, r*2);
    endShape();
    popMatrix();
  }

  // Wraparound
  void borders() {
    if (position.x < -r) position.x = width+r;
    if (position.y < -r) position.y = height+r;
    if (position.x > width+r) position.x = -r;
    if (position.y > height+r) position.y = -r;
  }
}

4、运行结果