"The Economist explains"是《经济学人》网站上的一个blog专栏，它的目的是为很多“你不知道你不知道”的问题（比如之前的“比特币”，比如本文讨论的“虚拟空管塔”）提供聪明、有见识的答案。希望我们通过持续阅读这些答案能够变得更聪明、更有见识。
英国大选在即，《经济学人》梳理了现任英国首相特雷莎·梅领导的保守党的几个不同称呼以及它们的来历和意义，读完本文你会对这个英国政坛上的常胜党略知一二，可供茶余饭后的吹牛谈资。

The Economist explains

What to call Britain’s Conservative party

怎么称呼英国的保守党

Theresa May’s party goes by many names. Where do they come from?
特雷莎·梅的党有很多名字。它们来自哪里？

特雷莎·梅的党有很多名字

1. WHAT’S in a name? With just one week to go until Britain’s general election, voters should by now have a fairly clear idea what all the parties stand for. Except that in the case of the Conservatives, many might still wonder about the party’s real name. They are usually referred to just as “Conservatives”, yet their manifesto was launched in the name of the “Conservative and Unionist Party”. More often than not they are also simply referred to as “Tories”. Which is right?

manifesto: a written statement in which a group of people, especially a political party, explain their beliefs and say what they will do if they win an election

1）在一个名字有什么？距离英国的大选只有一个星期，到现在选民们应该相当明确所有党派代表什么。除了保守党的这种情况，许多人可能仍然对该党的真实名字抱有疑惑。他们通常被称为“保守派”，但他们的宣言是以“保守和统一党”的名义发起的。他们通常也被简称为“托利党”。哪个是对的？

2. All three names are correct, and embraced by Conservative candidates. Their profusion reflects both the party’s long history, and its ability to stand for different causes at different times. Indeed, it is this ideological flexibility that has made the party the most successful election-winner in history. Historically, it is Tory that came first. The term dates back to the “Exclusion Crisis” of 1679-1681, during the reign of Charles II. Two factions emerged in Parliament during this time around the issue of whether Charles’s brother, James, a Roman Catholic, should be allowed to succeed to the throne. One faction, the “Whigs”, wanted James stopped from becoming king. The other, the Tories, supported his right to the throne. The Tories won the battle, and James became the Stuart King James II. Both terms were originally used pejoratively. Tory was derived from an Irish Gaelic word tóraidhe, meaning an outlaw, specifically one rebelling against the English invasion of Ireland, while Whig came from an old word for country bumpkin.

embraced: (formal) to accept an idea, a proposal, a set of beliefs, etc, especially when it is done with enthusiasm
profusion: a very large quantity of sth = abundance
ideological: based on strong beliefs or ideas, especially political or economic ideas
succeed to sth: to gain the right to a title, property, etc. when sb dies
e.g. She succeeded to the throne (= became queen) in 1558.
pejorative: a word or remark that is pejorative expresses disapproval or criticism = derogatory

2）所有三个名字都是正确的，被保守派候选人所接受。它们（指名字）的丰富反映了党的悠久历史，以及在不同时期代表不同利益的能力。事实上，正是这种意识形态的灵活性使该党成为历史上最成功的选举胜利者。历史上，首先出现的是托利党。这个词可追溯到查尔斯二世统治时期的1679年至1681年的“排斥法案危机”。在这个时候，议会中关于查尔斯的弟弟詹姆斯（罗马天主教徒）是否应该被允许继承王位的问题出现了两个派别。其中之一“辉格党”不希望詹姆斯成为国王。另一个，即托利党，支持他继承王位的权利。托利党赢得了战斗，詹姆斯成了斯图尔特国王詹姆斯二世。这两个术语最初都是用于贬义。托利是从一个爱尔兰盖尔语词tóraidhe衍生出来的，意思是一个非法的反叛者，尤其是指反抗英国入侵爱尔兰，而辉格则来自一个表示乡巴佬的古老词汇。

3. Although the Tories began by championing the rights of a Catholic heir to the throne, they soon became associated with defending the Church of England and the rights of the aristocracy against the clamour for political change that arose out of the industrial revolution and the rise of a new middle class in the second half of the 18th century. The Tories mainly coalesced under the leadership of William Pitt the Younger, prime minister from 1783-1801, and again from 1804-06. In 1830 a journalist, John Wilson Croker, suggested in the Quarterly Review, a literary and political periodical, that they adopt the name “conservative”. The name quickly caught on. In the late 19th century the term “Unionist” also started to be used, to express the party’s opposition to Irish home rule. Even after southern Ireland won independence in 1922, “Unionist” continued to be used to show the party’s support for the continuing inclusion of Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom.

champion: to fight for or speak in support of a group of people or a belief
coalesce: to come together to form one larger group, substance, etc. = amalgamate

3）虽然保守派始于支持天主教继承人的权利，但在18世纪下半叶他们很快就与捍卫英格兰教会和贵族权利相关联、对抗由工业革命和新中产阶级崛起所引起的政治变革的呼声。托利党主要在1783年至1801年担任及1804-06年再度担任总理的威廉·皮特·尤尔特（William Pitt the Young）的领导下联合起来。 1830年，一名记者约翰·威尔逊·克罗克（John Wilson Croker）在《季刊》（一个文学和政治期刊）中建议他们采用“保守派”这个名字。这个名字很快流行开来。在十九世纪末期，“统一派”一词也开始被用来表达该党反对爱尔兰的自治。即使在1922年南爱尔兰赢得独立后，“统一派”继续被用来表明该党对持续将北爱尔兰归入英国的支持。

4. More recently the term Unionist has become popular again to remind voters that the Tories are against Scottish independence, or Northern Ireland being absorbed into the Republic of Ireland. The term highlights the party’s strongly nationalist instincts, always useful at election time. Tory, Conservative and Unionist have indeed become interchangeable in common usage, but individually each term reveals a facet of the party’s historical and ideological make-up.

interchangeable: that can be exchanged, especially without affecting the way in which sth works
facet: a particular part or aspect of sth
make-up: [singular]the different qualities that combine to form sb's character or being

4）最近，“统一派”一词再次变得流行起来，提醒选民保守党反对苏格兰独立，或北爱尔兰被并入爱尔兰共和国。这个词强调了该党的强烈的民族主义本能，这在选举时总是有用的。托利党、保守和统一派（这三个词）确实变得可互换，但每个术语分别揭示了该党的历史和意识形态组成的一个侧面。

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原文出处：经济学人

翻译：七呵夫

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