35 - 代码优化案例剖析及实战

2021-09-04  本文已影响0人  舍是境界

识别代码质量方法论，我们结合 ID 生成器代码讲解了如何发现代码质量问题。虽然 ID 生成器的需求非常简单，代码行数也不多，但看似非常简单的代码，实际上还是有很多优化的空间。综合评价一下的话，小王的代码也只能算是“能用”、勉强及格。我们大部分人写出来的代码都能达到这个程度。如果想要在团队中脱颖而出，我们就不能只满足于这个 60 分及格，大家都能做的事情，我们要做得更好才行。

回顾代码和制定重构计划

public class IdGenerator {
  private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(IdGenerator.class);
  public static String generate() {
    String id = "";
    try {
      String hostName = InetAddress.getLocalHost().getHostName();
      String[] tokens = hostName.split("\\.");
      if (tokens.length > 0) {
        hostName = tokens[tokens.length - 1];
      }
      char[] randomChars = new char[8];
      int count = 0;
      Random random = new Random();
      while (count < 8) {
        int randomAscii = random.nextInt(122);
        if (randomAscii >= 48 && randomAscii <= 57) {
          randomChars[count] = (char)('0' + (randomAscii - 48));
          count++;
        } else if (randomAscii >= 65 && randomAscii <= 90) {
          randomChars[count] = (char)('A' + (randomAscii - 65));
          count++;
        } else if (randomAscii >= 97 && randomAscii <= 122) {
          randomChars[count] = (char)('a' + (randomAscii - 97));
          count++;
        }
      }
      id = String.format("%s-%d-%s", hostName,
              System.currentTimeMillis(), new String(randomChars));
    } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
      logger.warn("Failed to get the host name.", e);
    }
    return id;
  }
}

第一轮重构：提高代码的可读性

public interface IdGenerator {
  String generate();
}
public interface LogTraceIdGenerator extends IdGenerator {
}
public class RandomIdGenerator implements LogTraceIdGenerator {
  private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(RandomIdGenerator.class);
  @Override
  public String generate() {
    String substrOfHostName = getLastfieldOfHostName();
    long currentTimeMillis = System.currentTimeMillis();
    String randomString = generateRandomAlphameric(8);
    String id = String.format("%s-%d-%s",
            substrOfHostName, currentTimeMillis, randomString);
    return id;
  }
  private String getLastfieldOfHostName() {
    String substrOfHostName = null;
    try {
      String hostName = InetAddress.getLocalHost().getHostName();
      String[] tokens = hostName.split("\\.");
      substrOfHostName = tokens[tokens.length - 1];
      return substrOfHostName;
    } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
      logger.warn("Failed to get the host name.", e);
    }
    return substrOfHostName;
  }
  private String generateRandomAlphameric(int length) {
    char[] randomChars = new char[length];
    int count = 0;
    Random random = new Random();
    while (count < length) {
      int maxAscii = 'z';
      int randomAscii = random.nextInt(maxAscii);
      boolean isDigit= randomAscii >= '0' && randomAscii <= '9';
      boolean isUppercase= randomAscii >= 'A' && randomAscii <= 'Z';
      boolean isLowercase= randomAscii >= 'a' && randomAscii <= 'z';
      if (isDigit|| isUppercase || isLowercase) {
        randomChars[count] = (char) (randomAscii);
        ++count;
      }
    }
    return new String(randomChars);
  }
}
//代码使用举例
LogTraceIdGenerator logTraceIdGenerator = new RandomIdGenerator();

第二轮重构：提高代码的可测试性

public class RandomIdGenerator implements LogTraceIdGenerator {
  private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(RandomIdGenerator.class);
  @Override
  public String generate() {
    String substrOfHostName = getLastfieldOfHostName();
    long currentTimeMillis = System.currentTimeMillis();
    String randomString = generateRandomAlphameric(8);
    String id = String.format("%s-%d-%s",
            substrOfHostName, currentTimeMillis, randomString);
    return id;
  }
  private String getLastfieldOfHostName() {
    String substrOfHostName = null;
    try {
      String hostName = InetAddress.getLocalHost().getHostName();
      substrOfHostName = getLastSubstrSplittedByDot(hostName);
    } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
      logger.warn("Failed to get the host name.", e);
    }
    return substrOfHostName;
  }
  @VisibleForTesting
  protected String getLastSubstrSplittedByDot(String hostName) {
    String[] tokens = hostName.split("\\.");
    String substrOfHostName = tokens[tokens.length - 1];
    return substrOfHostName;
  }
  @VisibleForTesting
  protected String generateRandomAlphameric(int length) {
    char[] randomChars = new char[length];
    int count = 0;
    Random random = new Random();
    while (count < length) {
      int maxAscii = 'z';
      int randomAscii = random.nextInt(maxAscii);
      boolean isDigit= randomAscii >= '0' && randomAscii <= '9';
      boolean isUppercase= randomAscii >= 'A' && randomAscii <= 'Z';
      boolean isLowercase= randomAscii >= 'a' && randomAscii <= 'z';
      if (isDigit|| isUppercase || isLowercase) {
        randomChars[count] = (char) (randomAscii);
        ++count;
      }
    }
    return new String(randomChars);
  }
}

第三轮重构：编写完善的单元测试

public String generate();
private String getLastfieldOfHostName();
@VisibleForTesting
protected String getLastSubstrSplittedByDot(String hostName);
@VisibleForTesting
protected String generateRandomAlphameric(int length);

public class RandomIdGeneratorTest {
  @Test
  public void testGetLastSubstrSplittedByDot() {
    RandomIdGenerator idGenerator = new RandomIdGenerator();
    String actualSubstr = idGenerator.getLastSubstrSplittedByDot("field1.field2.field3");
    Assert.assertEquals("field3", actualSubstr);
    actualSubstr = idGenerator.getLastSubstrSplittedByDot("field1");
    Assert.assertEquals("field1", actualSubstr);
    actualSubstr = idGenerator.getLastSubstrSplittedByDot("field1#field2$field3");
    Assert.assertEquals("field1#field2#field3", actualSubstr);
  }
  // 此单元测试会失败，因为我们在代码中没有处理hostName为null或空字符串的情况
  // 这部分优化留在第36、37节课中讲解
  @Test
  public void testGetLastSubstrSplittedByDot_nullOrEmpty() {
    RandomIdGenerator idGenerator = new RandomIdGenerator();
    String actualSubstr = idGenerator.getLastSubstrSplittedByDot(null);
    Assert.assertNull(actualSubstr);
    actualSubstr = idGenerator.getLastSubstrSplittedByDot("");
    Assert.assertEquals("", actualSubstr);
  }
  @Test
  public void testGenerateRandomAlphameric() {
    RandomIdGenerator idGenerator = new RandomIdGenerator();
    String actualRandomString = idGenerator.generateRandomAlphameric(6);
    Assert.assertNotNull(actualRandomString);
    Assert.assertEquals(6, actualRandomString.length());
    for (char c : actualRandomString.toCharArray()) {
      Assert.assertTrue(('0' < c && c < '9') || ('a' < c && c < 'z') || ('A' < c && c < 'Z'));
    }
  }
  // 此单元测试会失败，因为我们在代码中没有处理length<=0的情况
  // 这部分优化留在第36、37节课中讲解
  @Test
  public void testGenerateRandomAlphameric_lengthEqualsOrLessThanZero() {
    RandomIdGenerator idGenerator = new RandomIdGenerator();
    String actualRandomString = idGenerator.generateRandomAlphameric(0);
    Assert.assertEquals("", actualRandomString);
    actualRandomString = idGenerator.generateRandomAlphameric(-1);
    Assert.assertNull(actualRandomString);
  }
}

第四轮重构：添加注释

/**
 * Id Generator that is used to generate random IDs.
 *
 * <p>
 * The IDs generated by this class are not absolutely unique,
 * but the probability of duplication is very low.
 */
public class RandomIdGenerator implements LogTraceIdGenerator {
  private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(RandomIdGenerator.class);
  /**
   * Generate the random ID. The IDs may be duplicated only in extreme situation.
   *
   * @return an random ID
   */
  @Override
  public String generate() {
    //...
  }
  /**
   * Get the local hostname and
   * extract the last field of the name string splitted by delimiter '.'.
   *
   * @return the last field of hostname. Returns null if hostname is not obtained.
   */
  private String getLastfieldOfHostName() {
    //...
  }
  /**
   * Get the last field of {@hostName} splitted by delemiter '.'.
   *
   * @param hostName should not be null
   * @return the last field of {@hostName}. Returns empty string if {@hostName} is empty string.
   */
  @VisibleForTesting
  protected String getLastSubstrSplittedByDot(String hostName) {
    //...
  }
  /**
   * Generate random string which
   * only contains digits, uppercase letters and lowercase letters.
   *
   * @param length should not be less than 0
   * @return the random string. Returns empty string if {@length} is 0
   */
  @VisibleForTesting
  protected String generateRandomAlphameric(int length) {
    //...
  }
}

小结

  1. 即便是非常简单的需求，不同水平的人写出来的代码，差别可能会很大。我们要对代码质量有所追求，不能只是凑活能用就好。花点心思写一段高质量的代码，比写 100 段凑活能用的代码，对你的代码能力提高更有帮助。
  2. 知其然知其所以然，了解优秀代码设计的演变过程，比学习优秀设计本身更有价值。知道为什么这么做，比单纯地知道怎么做更重要，这样可以避免你过度使用设计模式、思想和原则。
  3. 设计思想、原则、模式本身并没有太多“高大上”的东西，都是一些简单的道理，而且知识点也并不多，关键还是锻炼具体代码具体分析的能力，把知识点恰当地用在项目中。
  4. 高手之间的竞争都是在细节。大的架构设计、分层、分模块思路实际上都差不多。没有项目是靠一些不为人知的设计来取胜的，即便有，很快也能被学习过去。所以，关键还是看代码细节处理得够不够好。这些细节的差别累积起来，会让代码质量有质的差别。所以，要想提高代码质量，还是要在细节处下功夫。
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