八月英文原版书阅读计划  图/Eric

Part 1: Words ans Expressions

period

For all of these activities, a more sophisticated mental representation makes the process faster and more efficient—and sometimes makes it possible, period.

adjective

of, relating to, or typical of a particular time in history.

E,g, : There are many period costumes in World War Two.

noun

MW词典

个人认为此处的用处是第五点中说的用于结束句子，并强调上述内容。

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germane

Unlike medical students, expert diagnosticians have built sophisticated mental representations that let them consider a number of different facts at once, even facts that at first might not seem germane.

adjective

being at once relevant and appropriate 

E,g, : Omit details that are not germane to the discussion.

Part 2: My Thoughts 

从认知表征到实际练习，两者是相辅相成的。在认知表征能力提高的同时，你的实际做事能力也会得到提升。在不断训练的过程中，你的认知表征能力也会得到锻炼从而进步。

在新手和高手之间是存在差异的：新手只看见树木而不见森林，而高手是既注意树木也观察森林。具体而言，新手没有一个更好的大局观：只懂得就事论事，没有一个开阔的视野。而对于高手而言，之前储备的知识足够丰富，以至于见招拆招：面对不同的问题都有应对方法，甚至不止一种。

Part 3: Summary

For me the most fascinating thing about the column is not the medical mysteries or their solutions but rather the insights that the column offers into the diagnostic thought process.

This doctor must do at least three different things: assimilate facts about the patient, recall relevant medical knowledge, and use the facts and medical knowledge to identify possible diagnoses and choose the right one.

Unlike medical students, expert diagnosticians have built sophisticated mental representations that let them consider a number of different facts at once, even facts that at first might not seem germane.

And just as chess masters’ representations allow them to quickly generate a number of possible moves and then zero in on the best one, experienced diagnosticians come up with a number of possible diagnoses and then analyze the various alternatives to select the most likely one.

The key to the successful diagnosis wasn’t merely having the necessary medical knowledge, but having that knowledge organized and accessible in a way that allowed the doctor to come up with possible diagnoses and to zero in on the most likely.

A slightly more sophisticated representation might include some sort of introduction at the beginning and a conclusion or summary at the end, but that’s about it.

Well, first we would need to explain how people normally practice and the limitations of that approach, and then we would discuss purposeful practice, and so on.

It soon occurred to us that the role of mental representations held the key to how we wanted to present deliberate practice.

Researchers refer to this sort of writing as “knowledge transforming,” as opposed to “knowledge telling”.

The implication is that they were using their mental representations not only to spot mistakes but also to match appropriate practice techniques with the types of difficulties they were having with the music.

The virtuous circle rules: honing the skill improves mental representation, and mental representation helps hone the skill.

As you push yourself to do something new—to develop a new skill or sharpen an old one—you are also expanding and sharpening your mental representations, which will in turn make it possible for you to do more than you could before.