重构语法：Chapter_1 句子
句子的词序：
英语中词序是理解句子意思的关键。英语中词序的可变性要小的多。
The dog bit the man. 狗咬人
The man bit the dog. 人咬狗
句子中基本术语：
（如同程序语言中的数据类型/类和实例一般，这最基础也最为重要）
限定动词：受到主语限定（影响）的动词就叫做限定动词。
限定动词受到主语限定，还受到时态限制：
1. 主语（有时候隐藏，但是仍然在）
He makes.
They arrived.
We know.
He has finished.
She will write.
They suceeded.
Open the door (You open the door)
动词不定式或现在分词/过去分词（to write, writing/written）永远不被影响。
短语：可以作为句子的一部分的一组词。分为：
名词短语：a tube of toothpaste
介词/副词短语：over the bridge
动词短语：build in stone, will tell, have done
疑问词+不定式：what to do, when to go
小句：主语+限定动词（必要时+补语/宾语）
Barry apologized at once.
句子可以四种形式：
陈述句：The shops close at 7 tonight.
疑问句：Do the shops close at 7 tonight?
祈使句：Shut the door!
感叹句：What a slow train this is!
我们说话的时候，句子的完整性往往是靠手势、语气和情境来补足的，但是书面语没办法，就必须精心组织句子并加上标点符号。
句子的基本词序
词序术语定义：
主语：一般为名词、代词或者名词短语，通常谓语动词之前。主语决定动词的形式
I wait, Join waits, I am, you are, I have, the new edition has
主语可以扩张：
The man who stole the money ran way.
宾语：一般为名词、代词或名词短语，主动语态中，先动词再宾语，被动语态，又可以变为动词的主语。
主动语态：They drove him away in a police car.
被动语态：He was driven away in a police car
宾语并不是总需要的，可以
主语 + 动词： Ｗe all laughed
主语 + 动词 + 副词： We laughed loudly.
宾语也可以
I bought a raincoat with a warm lining.
常见的基本词序变异：
疑问句：Did you take your car in for a service?
When did you take your car in for a service?
直接引语的引述动词：‘You've eaten the lot!’ cried Frank
某些条件句（？）： Should you see him, please give him my regards
需要特别强调的时间短语：Last night we went to the cinema
以-ly结尾的方式/不定时间副词：The whole building suddenly began to shake
Suddenly, the whole building began to shake.
频度不定的副词：We often played dangerous games when we were children
副词短语：Inside the parcel (there) was a letter.
副词小品词：Back came the answer - no!
Here is your coat.
There it is.
否定副词：Never, in world history, has there been such a conflict.
（强调）前移：为了特别强调，可将句子中的某些部分前置
A fine mess you've made of this!
简单句
最小的句子单位就是简单句。结构就是一个主语 + 一个谓语(可以是动词，也可以不是）
五种简单句型：
主语 + 动词：My head aches.
主语 +动词 + 补语：Frank is clever
Frank is an architect
主语 + 动词 + 直接宾语：My sister enjoyed the play
主语 + 动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语： The firm gave Sam a watch
主语 + 动词 + 宾语 + 补语：They made Sam chairman.
我们可以加上形容词和副词，随意扩展：
His old firm gave Sam a beautiful gold watch on his retirement.
句型：基本术语
直接宾语：动词所涉及的人或物，紧跟在及物动词之后
Please don't annoy me
Barry throw the ball over the wall.
间接宾语：一般指受益于动词所表示的行为的人，比如你把什么东西给了某人，或者为某人买了什么东西等。紧跟在动词之后
Throw me the ball
Buy your father a present.
补语：跟在be或相关的动词如seem之后，它后面不能跟宾语，一般是形容词、名词和代词， 补语的目的是告诉我们，从而使得这句话意思完整。
Frank is clever
Frank is an architect.
及物动词：后面带宾语
