精读21：Daniel Mendoza
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精读原文
Boxing matches were very popular in England two hundred years ago. In those days, boxers fought with bare fists for prize money. Because of this, they were known as 'prizefighters'. However, boxing was very crude, for these were no rules and a prizefighter could be seriously injured or even killed during a match.
One of the most colourful figures in boxing history was Daniel Mendoza, who was born in 1764. The use of gloves was not introduced until 1860, when the Marquis of Queensberry drew up the first set of rules. Though he was technically a prizefighter, Mendoza did much to change crude prizefighting into a sport, for he brought science to the game. In his day, Mendoza enjoyed tremendous popularity. He was adored by rich and poor alike.
Mendoza rose to fame swiftly after a boxing match when he was only fourteen years old. This attracted the attention of Richard Humphries who was then the most eminent boxer in England. He offered to train Mendoza and his young pupil was quick to learn. In fact, Mendoza soon became so successful that Humphries turned against him. The two men quarrelled bitterly and it was clear that the argument could only be settled by a fight. A match was held at Stilton, where both men fought for an hour. The public bet a great deal of money on Mendoza, but he was defeated. Mendoza met Humphries in the ring on a later occasion and he lost for a second time. It was not until his third match in 1790 that he finally beat Humphries and became Champion of England. Meanwhile, he founded a highly successful Academy and even Lord Byron became one of his pupils. He earned enormous sums of money and was paid as much as ￡100 for a single appearance. Despite this, he was so extravagant that he was always in debt. After he was defeated by a boxer called Gentleman Jackson, he was quickly forgotten. He was sent to prison for failing to pay his debts and died in poverty in 1836.
精读注解
Daniel Mendoza
本文讲述丹尼尔•门多萨成为拳王到从贫困中死亡的故事
参考译文：丹尼尔•门多萨
Boxing matches were very popular in England two hundred years ago. In those days, boxers fought with bare fists for prize money. Because of this, they were known as 'prizefighters'. However, boxing was very crude, for these were no rules and a prizefighter could be seriously injured or even killed during a match.
boxing /'bɒksɪŋ/：Boxing is a sport in which two people wearing large padded gloves fight according to special rules. 拳击，如：Boxing is a rough sport in which one boxer tries to knock the other out. 拳击是一项粗野的运动，在比赛中一方力求击倒另一方。
【语法小学堂】ago：用来指某事从发生至现在为止的一段时间，多与一般过去时连用，如：I finished my novel two days ago.我在两天前完成我的小说。
boxer /'bɒksə/：omeone who box es , especially as a job〔尤指职业的〕拳击手，如：The boxer tore into his opponent and floored him. 拳击手朝对手猛扑过去并将他打倒在地。
fight with：本文表示“用……搏斗”。 With是一个非常灵活的词，必须根据其后的搭配判断，如：People used to fight with swords.人们总是用剑搏斗。或 The children fight with each other. 孩子们互相打斗。
bare /beə/：not covered by clothes赤裸的，裸露的，如：a ragged child with bare feet 一个衣衫褴褛、光着脚的小孩
【词语辨析】because of&because：简单来说：because 是连词，其后接句子；because of 是复合介词，其后接名词、代词、动名词、what 从句等。如：I can’t stop fighting because I have a family.或者I can’t stop fighting because of having a family.更多参考：http://www.yywords.com/Article/200802/59.html
be known as…：被称作……，如：The new aspiring professionals are known as "ants" because of both their eagerness to work and a willingness to cram together in poor living conditions. 这一新的雄心勃勃的人群被称为“蚁族”，因为他们对工作机会的渴望，并愿意挤在一起，忍受恶劣的生活条件。
prizefighter/'praɪzfaɪtɚ/：A prizefighter is a boxer who fights to win money.职业拳击手（尤指古时赤手拳击手），如：He had been a heavyweight prizefighter and he was too long for the bed. 他从前是个重量级的拳击家。他的身子长得那张床容不下去。
crude /kruːd/：If you describe someone as crude, you disapprove of them because they speak or behave in a rude, offensive, or unsophisticated way. 粗鲁的，如：Must you be quite so crude? 你一定要这样粗鲁吗？
…for these were no rules and…：本句的for是并列连词，表因果关系，类似于说明性文字，一般后置，如：I decide to have a cup of coffee, for I am tired我决定喝杯咖啡，因为我累了。参考精读： A Puma at large
两百年前，拳击比赛在英国非常盛行。当时，拳击手们不戴手套，为争夺奖金而搏斗。因此，他们被称作“职业拳击手”。不过，拳击是十分野蛮的，因为当时没有任何比赛规则，职业拳击手有可能在比赛中受重伤，甚至丧命。
One of the most colourful figures in boxing history was Daniel Mendoza, who was born in 1764. The use of gloves was not introduced until 1860, when the Marquisof Queensberry drew up the first set of rules. Though he was technically a prizefighter, Mendoza did much to change crude prizefighting into a sport, for he brought science to the game. In his day, Mendoza enjoyed tremendouspopularity. He was adored by rich and poor alike.
【熟词僻义】introduce：①if you introduce someone to another person, you tell them each other’s names for the first time介绍，引见；使相互认识，如：June, let me introduce you to Bob. 琼，我来把你介绍给鲍勃。②to bring a plan, system, or product into use for the first time引进，实施，推行，如：They want to introduce a system of identity cards. 他们想推行身份证制度。③to bring a type of thing somewhere for the first time首次引入〔某物〕，使传入，如：The grey squirrel was introduced into Britain from North America. 灰松鼠是由北美引入英国的。
marquis /'mɑːkwɪs/: a man who, in the British system of noble titles, has a rank between duke and earl〔英国的〕侯爵，如：the Marquis of Bath 巴斯侯爵
draw up: If you draw up a document, list, or plan, you prepare it and write it out. 起草，如：They agreed to establish a working party to draw up a formal agreement. 他们同意成立一个工作组来起草一份正式协议。
not...until：直到...才，如：We do not understand peace until faced with conflict. 我们不理解和平，直到面临冲突。
technically /'teknɪklɪ/：according to the exact details of a rule or law严格根据法律地；严格遵循规则地，如：What you have done is technically illegal. 你做的事严格地说是违法的。
change...into…：把……变成……，如：We change the house into a canteen.我把这栋房子变成饭堂。
bring...to…：把……引进，把……加入到……，如：We must bring the rest of students to campaign.我们必须让其他的学生参与到竞选中。
science /'saɪəns/：knowledge about the world, especially based on examining, testing, and proving facts科学，如：Many leading scientists do not consider that science can give absolutely reliable knowledge. 许多杰出科学家都不认为科学能够提供绝对可靠的知识。
in one’s day：在某人年轻有为／兴旺发达／鼎盛时期，如：She was really lovely in her day.她年轻时的确很漂亮。
popularity /pɒpjʊ'lærətɪ/：when something or someone is liked or supported by a lot of people流行，普及，受欢迎；声望，如：The president’s popularity has declined considerably. 总统的支持率大大下降了。
adore/ə'dɔː/：to love someone very much and feel very proud of them深爱；敬慕，爱慕，如：Betty adores her grandchildren. 贝蒂非常宠爱孙辈。
alike：adv. means in a similar way. 相似地，以同样的方式；类似于，如：They even dressed alike. 他们甚至连穿着都相像。
He was adored by rich and poor alike.本句中rich and poor表示“不论贫富（人）”，但表示某类人，则是：the+形容词，the poor：穷人；the rich：富人；谓语动词用复数形式，如：The poor live a hard life.穷人生活艰辛。
参考译文：拳击史上最引人注目的人物之一是丹尼尔•门多萨，他生于1764年。1860年昆斯伯里侯爵第一次为拳击比赛制定了规则，拳击比赛这才用上了手套。虽然门多萨严格来讲不过是个职业拳击手，但在把这种粗野的拳击变成一种体育运动方面，他作出了重大贡献。是他把科学引进了这项运动。门多萨在他的全盛时期深受大家欢迎，无论是富人还是穷人都对他祟拜备至。
Mendoza rose to fame swiftly after a boxing match when he was only fourteen years old. This attracted the attention of Richard Humphries who was then the most eminent boxer in England. He offered to train Mendoza and his young pupil was quick to learn. In fact, Mendoza soon became so successful that Humphriesturned against him. The two men quarrelled bitterly and it was clear that the argument could only be settled by a fight. A match was held at Stilton, where both men fought for an hour. The public bet a great deal of money on Mendoza, but he was defeated. Mendoza met Humphries in the ring on a later occasion and he lost for a second time. It was not until his third match in 1790 that he finally beat Humphries and became Champion of England. Meanwhile, he founded a highly successful Academy and even Lord Byron became one of his pupils. He earned enormous sums of money and was paid as much as ￡100 for a single appearance. Despite this, he was so extravagant that he was always in debt. After he was defeated by a boxer called Gentleman Jackson, he was quickly forgotten. He was sent to prison for failing to pay his debts and died in poverty in 1836.
fame /feɪm/：the state of being known about by a lot of people because of your achievements名声，名誉，名气，如：He claims he is not really interested in fame. 他称自己对出名真的没有兴趣。短语：rise to fame：成名。如：He rose to fame in 18.他18岁成名。
eminent /'emɪnənt/：an eminent person is famous, important, and respected〔人〕著名的，杰出的，显赫的，如：an eminent lawyer 杰出的律师
turn against：If you turn against someone or something, or if you are turned against them, you stop supporting them, trusting them, or liking them, and sometimes you work against them. 转而反对，如：Even those who were once for him began to turn against him. 连那些原来支持他的人也开始反对他了.
bitterly /'bɪtəlɪ/：You use bitterly when you are describing an attitude which involves strong, unpleasant emotions such as anger or dislike. 强烈地，如：We are bitterly upset at what has happened. 我们对发生的事感到极其难过。
bet /bet/：to risk money on the result of a race, game, competition, or other future event下赌注；与…打赌，常用搭配：①bet (sb) that，如：He bet me £10 that I wouldn’t do it. 他和我赌10英镑，说我不会那么做。②bet (sth) on sth，如：She bet all her money on a horse that came last. 她把所有的钱都押在一匹马上，结果这匹马跑了最后一名。
It was not until his third match in 1790 that he finally beat Humphries and became Champion of England.：这是it引导的强调句，结构为It is/was…that…结构，本句强调时间状语not until his third match in 1790
extravagant /ɪk'strævəgənt/：spending or costing a lot of money, especially more than is necessary or more than you can afford奢侈的；挥霍的，如：an extravagant lifestyle奢侈的生活方式
be in debt：负债，如：He is in debt to the extent of 10,000 dollars.他负债1万美元。
poverty /'pɒvətɪ/：the situation or experience of being poor贫穷，贫困，如：Millions of elderly people live in poverty . 数百万老年人生活在贫困之中。
参考译文：门多萨在14岁时参加了一场拳击赛后一举成名。这引起了当时英国拳坛名将理查德•汉弗莱斯的注意。他主动提出教授门多萨，而年少的门多萨一学就会。事实上，门多萨不久便名声大振，致使汉弗莱斯与他反目为敌。两个人争吵不休，显而易见，只有较量一番才能解决问题。于是两人在斯蒂尔顿设下赛场，厮打了一个小时。公众把大笔赌注下到了门多萨身上，但他却输了。后来，门多萨与汉弗莱斯再次在拳击场上较量，门多萨又输了一场。直到1790年他们第3次对垒，门多萨才终于击败汉弗莱斯，成了全英拳击冠军。同时，他建立了一所拳击学校，办得很成功，连拜伦勋爵也成了他的学生。门多萨挣来大笔大笔的钱，一次出场费就多可达100英镑。尽管收入不少，但他挥霍无度，经常债台高筑。他在被一个叫杰克逊绅士的拳击手击败后很快被人遗忘。他因无力还债而被捕入狱，最后于1836年在贫困中死去。
Summary writing：(last paragraph)
用不多于80个单词描述门多萨在与汉弗莱斯反目成仇之后的事业发展。（摘自新概念英语教师用书新版3）
When the two men quarrelled, they settled the argument by a fight. This took place at Stilton. It lasted an hour and Humphries won. When they met again, Mendoza lost again, but in their third match in 1790, Mendoza finally beat Humphries to become Champion of England. He founded a successful boxing Academy and earned a lot of money, but was so extravagant he was always in debt. He finally sent to prison and died in poverty in 1836.
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