David R. MacIver

This is a system I only somewhat tongue in cheek refer to as “The Fully General System For Learning To Do Hard Things”. It’s a useful conceptual framework for how to get better at things that you currently find difficult.

I don’t always explicitly follow it, but I often find that when I’ve succeeded my success comes from implicitly following it, and almost every time someone asks me for advice on learning to do things I just describe a specialised version of the system to them.

The system “always” works in the sense that “eventually” either you will find out why the objective is impossible for you or you will succeed, but it’s very much the unhelpful kind of eventually where there’s no guarantee that it won’t take an interminably long time. The more likely outcome is that either you will succeed relatively quickly or get bored and give up, but that’s OK – the system is designed so that you will have gained benefit from following it at every step along the way even if you do not achieve your final goal.

I should also note that this system is not in any way a short cut. It’s a lot of work. The goal of the system is not to save you work, it’s to ensure that the work you do is useful.

The Single-Loop System

When you know what success looks like but cannot currently achieve it, the system works as follows:

Find something that is like the hard thing but is easy.

Modify the easy thing so that it is like the hard thing in exactly one way that you find hard.

Do the modified thing until it is no longer hard.

If you get stuck, do one of the following:

Go back to step 3 and pick a different way in which the problem is hard.

Recursively apply the general system for learning to do hard things to the thing you’re stuck on.

Go ask an expert or a rubber duck for advice.

If you’re still stuck after trying the first three, it’s possible that you may have hit some sort of natural difficulty limit and may not be able to make progress.

If the original hard thing is now easy, you’re done. If not, go back to step 2.

The reason this works much better than just practicing the hard thing is because it gives you a much more direct feedback loop. There is exactly one aspect of the problem at any time that you are trying to get better at, and you can focus on that aspect to the exclusion of all else. When you are practicing something that is difficult in multiple ways, you will be bad at it in all of those ways. More, you will be worse at it in all of those ways than you would be if you’d tried them on their own. Additionally, when you fail you have to do a complicated root cause analysis to figure out why.

Instead, by isolating one aspect of the problem that is difficult, you will fairly rapidly improve, or hit the limits of your ability.

The Double-Loop System

If you don’t know what success looks like, you need to do double loop learning, where you mix improving your understanding of the problem with your ability to execute the solution.

Apply the single loop system to the problem of improving your understanding of the problem space (e.g. consume lots of examples and learn to distinguish good from bad) in order to acquire a sense of good taste.

Apply the single loop system to the problem of doing well according to your own sense of good taste.

Get feedback on the result from others. Do they think you did it well? If yes, great! You’re good at the thing. If no, either improve your sense of taste or theirs. If you choose yours, go back to step 1 with the new example. If you choose theirs, apply the single loop system to the hard problem of convincing others that your thing is good.

Is this all a horrible oversimplification? Well, yes, of course it is. It is however a very useful horrible oversimplification that is very good for getting you unstuck when problems seem intractable.

How To Identify Points of Difficulty

Sometimes it will be obvious what you need to improve, sometimes it won’t. When it doesn’t, here are some things that can help you figure it out:

Try to do the thing as best you can. Don’t worry about failing, failing is expected, but try to pay attention to how you’re doing it. Write down a list of things you thought you did badly, and things you did adequately but struggled with. Also if at some point you got stuck, note where you got stuck.

Look for beginners exercises for the area you want to work on and try a variety of those. Observe which ones are hard.

Talk to an expert on the subject (ideally one who is used to teaching) and ask them to help you identify some areas you need to work on.

Rather than starting from the easy thing, work in the other direction. Try taking the hard thing and removing one hard aspect of it at a time until you get it to a point where removing any hard aspect would make it easy.

Worked Example: Learning to Write Better

This is particularly good as a mechanism for improving your writing (and writing about it is a good lead in to the mechanism on a particular area, so I’d encourage everyone to work on improving their writing).

Writing can be hard in a wide variety of ways. Some common ones (in roughly the order I think it’s worth tackling them) are:

The actual physical process of writing.

Finding a good writing voice.

Perfectionism and/or fear of showing others your work and/or not being sure what to write about stopping you from the process of startingto write about it.

Editing and structure.

And that’s even before you get into specific forms of writing. You could also struggle with e.g. dialogue, description, etc.

Set against this is the fact that if you’re reading this you definitely can write. I promise. You might not be able to write a novel (I can’t at the moment), but you can certainly write a tweet, and it’s just a series of incremental steps to get from there to wherever you want to be.

Here’s some examples:

Learn to touch type if you can’t already. If you can’t touch type you will get blocked on the basic mechanics of writing. This makes the feedback loop for everything harder. Maybe try ztype, typesy, or Mavis Beacon1

Learn to write in your speaking voice. If you can’t figure out how to write about a topic, try speaking about it into your phone (get a recorder app). Once you’ve started writing, try to read it out loud. This isn’t the only writing voice worth using, but it’s an important one.

Practice writing without any expectation of quality. e.g. write in a private file or google doc, or create a blog with an explicit disclaimer that it’s for writing experiments. Some good writing experiments:

Observational writing. Pick an object (a lit candle is an interesting one) and write down everything you notice about it.

Pick a subject you are reasonably familiar with and set yourself a word count of, say, a thousand words. You can write whatever you want as long as you hit that goal. Feel free to write a stream of consciousness.

Pick an opinion of yours and write a 500 word case for it.

Rather than worrying about the general problem of editing, start thinking about editing with specific goals. e.g.

This ties in well with getting a good writing voice. Read it out loud, figure out where good pauses are and put paragraph breaks in where natural pauses occur. Fix language that sounds awkward.

Try editing purely based on word count. Can you express the same thing with fewer words? What would you do if you had to cut the length of the piece in half?

Try editing to remove specific words. Can you write the whole thing in up goer five? (Note: The result of doing so will be terrible, but the goal here is to practice editing more than produce a good piece)

There are plenty of other things to try, but these are some good starting points.

It’s now been most of twenty years since I learned to touch type, so I’m not that clear on how good any of these are.

This entry was posted in Uncategorized on May 10, 2019.

原文地址：https://www.drmaciver.com/2019/05/how-to-do-hard-things/#

**********

说明：

MacIver编出了“习得难事（掌握困难技能）”的实用的阶段性系统解决方案。

这里所说的难事，从国际象棋到马拉松，总之什么都可以；对你来说，不管怎么样的困难事，都不是问题。

MacIver对这个过程，进行了以下的说明：

“只要自己能清楚，总之能成功，或者，总之不能成功的理由，那么这个系统“绝对”会顺畅运行。

只是，我不能保证，这个总之可以不用花太长时间就能做到。”

也就是说，这个系统不是难事可以被成功掌握的保证，它是为了习得难事，在碰到问题不知所措时应该遵从的系统性计划。

分解问题，一个一个去克服去掌握

就此，MacIver提示了2个研究观点。

一个是“知道了不管怎样都会成功，在已经能明白的场合下适用的过程”。

另一个是“成功的定义存在更多主观因素的场合下的过程”。

无论哪种情况，都要遵循以下的步骤。

1、即使和难事类似，也要找到其中的简单事。

2、稍许加工一下这种“简单事”，只在某一方面，它就会变得和“难事”一样难。

3、这个“加工”要不停反复，直到让你感到不再难的时候。

总之，这是指，不要一次就把“难事”所有点的难度想高了，而是细细拆解问题，把“难事”的各个难点，一个一个逐步去解决，去掌握的思考方法。

或许，这会变成“对自己是不是太难点了”的思考结果，但即使是这样，至少你已经挑战过。

明天，我将发表与现在这篇文章应一并阅读的姐妹文“问题解决的关键，是自我认识，和实践方法。”

—END—