Android异步消息处理机制 Handler、Looper、M

2017-04-24  本文已影响34人  苏州韭菜明

感觉让我受益很多的一句话: 好记性不如烂笔头。

Handler、Looper、Message三者简介

Handler简介

Handler 为Android操作系统中的线程通信工具,它主要由两个作用:

Looper简介

Looper类用来为线程开启一个消息循环,作用是可以循环的从消息队列读取消息,所以Looper实际上就是消息队列+消息循环的封装。每个线程只能对应一个Looper,除主线程外,Android中的线程默认是没有开启Looper的。

Message对象简介

Message对象携带数据,通常它用arg1,arg2来传递消息,当然它还可以有obj参数,可以携带Bundle数据。它的特点是系统性能消耗非常少。

总体简介:

Handler 、 Looper 、Message 这三者都与Android异步消息处理线程相关的概念。那么什么叫异步消息处理线程呢?

异步消息处理线程启动后会进入一个无限的循环体之中,每循环一次,从其内部的消息队列中取出一个消息,然后回调相应的消息处理函数,执行完成一个消息后则继续循环。若消息队列为空,线程则会阻塞等待。

其实Looper负责的就是创建一个MessageQueue,然后进入一个无限循环体不断从该MessageQueue中读取消息,而消息的创建者就是一个或多个Handler 。

下面则由我们一起进入源码,进行简单的了解一下:

刨根问底,深入源码简单探究

1、Looper源码查看

对于Looper主要是prepare()和loop()两个方法。

(1)首先prepare()方法

 /** Initialize the current thread as a looper.
      * This gives you a chance to create handlers that then reference
      * this looper, before actually starting the loop. Be sure to call
      * {@link #loop()} after calling this method, and end it by calling
      * {@link #quit()}.
      */
    public static void prepare() {
        prepare(true);
    }

    private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
        if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
        }
        sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
    }

sThreadLocal是一个ThreadLocal对象,可以在一个线程中存储变量。可以看到,在第12行,将一个Looper的实例放入了ThreadLocal,并且在放入之前行判断了sThreadLocal是否为null,否则抛出异常。这也就说明了Looper.prepare()方法不能被调用两次,同时也保证了一个线程中只有一个Looper实例。

Looper的构造方法

private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
        mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);

        mThread = Thread.currentThread();
    }

在构造方法中,创建了一个MessageQueue(消息队列)。MessageQueue变量已声明为:final MessageQueue mQueue;

(2)然后看loop()方法:


    /**
     * Run the message queue in this thread. Be sure to call
     * {@link #quit()} to end the loop.
     */
    public static void loop() {
        final Looper me = myLooper();
        if (me == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
        }
        final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;

        // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
        // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
        Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();

        for (;;) {
            Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
            if (msg == null) {
                // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
                return;
            }

            // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
            final Printer logging = me.mLogging;
            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
                        msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
            }

            final long traceTag = me.mTraceTag;
            if (traceTag != 0 && Trace.isTagEnabled(traceTag)) {
                Trace.traceBegin(traceTag, msg.target.getTraceName(msg));
            }
            try {
                msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
            } finally {
                if (traceTag != 0) {
                    Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);
                }
            }

            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
            }

            // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
            // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
            final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
            if (ident != newIdent) {
                Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
                        + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
                        + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
            }

            msg.recycleUnchecked();
        }
    }

     /**
     * Return the Looper object associated with the current thread.  Returns
     * null if the calling thread is not associated with a Looper.
     */
      public static @Nullable Looper myLooper() {
          return sThreadLocal.get();
   }

myLooper()方法直接返回了sThreadLocal存储的Looper实例,如果me为null则抛出异常,也就是说looper方法必须在prepare方法之后运行。

第8行:拿到该looper实例中的mQueue(消息队列)

for (;;){}方法:就进入了我们所说的无限循环。

Message msg = queue.next();取出一条消息,如果没有消息则阻塞。

取出消息之后:使用调用msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);把消息交给msg的target的dispatchMessage方法去处理。Msg的target是什么呢?其实就是handler对象。

msg.recycleUnchecked();释放消息占据的资源。

Looper主要作用:

下面----->>>>Handler登场了。

2、Handler源码赏析

使用Handler之前,我们都是初始化一个实例,比如用于更新UI线程,我们会在声明的时候直接初始化,或者在onCreate中初始化Handler实例。所以我们首先看Handler的构造方法,看其如何与MessageQueue联系上的,它在子线程中发送的消息(一般发送消息都在非UI线程)怎么发送到MessageQueue中的。


     /**
     * Use the {@link Looper} for the current thread with the specified callback interface
     * and set whether the handler should be asynchronous.
     *
     * Handlers are synchronous by default unless this constructor is used to make
     * one that is strictly asynchronous.
     *
     * Asynchronous messages represent interrupts or events that do not require global ordering
     * with respect to synchronous messages.  Asynchronous messages are not subject to
     * the synchronization barriers introduced by {@link MessageQueue#enqueueSyncBarrier(long)}.
     *
     * @param callback The callback interface in which to handle messages, or null.
     * @param async If true, the handler calls {@link Message#setAsynchronous(boolean)} for
     * each {@link Message} that is sent to it or {@link Runnable} that is posted to it.
     *
     * @hide
     */
    public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
        if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
            final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
            if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
                    (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
                Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
                    klass.getCanonicalName());
            }
        }

        mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
        if (mLooper == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                "Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
        }
        mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
        mCallback = callback;
        mAsynchronous = async;
    }

通过Looper.myLooper()获取了当前线程保存的Looper实例,

然后在mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;又获取了这个Looper实例中保存的MessageQueue(消息队列),这样就保证了handler的实例与我们Looper实例中MessageQueue关联上了。

然后看我们最常用的sendMessage方法:

    /*此段将注释去掉,太多,看方法名我们也能大致的了解*/

    public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg)
    {
        return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0);
    }

  
    public final boolean sendEmptyMessage(int what)
    {
        return sendEmptyMessageDelayed(what, 0);
    }

   
    public final boolean sendEmptyMessageDelayed(int what, long delayMillis) {
        Message msg = Message.obtain();
        msg.what = what;
        return sendMessageDelayed(msg, delayMillis);
    }

   
    public final boolean sendEmptyMessageAtTime(int what, long uptimeMillis) {
        Message msg = Message.obtain();
        msg.what = what;
        return sendMessageAtTime(msg, uptimeMillis);
    }

   
    public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis)
    {
        if (delayMillis < 0) {
            delayMillis = 0;
        }
        return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);
    }


    public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
        MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
        if (queue == null) {
            RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                    this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
            Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
            return false;
        }
        return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
    }

最后的最后都去调用了sendMessageAtTime,在此方法内部有直接获取该Handler的中的Looper的MessageQueue然后调用了enqueueMessage方法,方法如下:

    private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
        msg.target = this;
        if (mAsynchronous) {
            msg.setAsynchronous(true);
        }
        return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
    }

首先为msg.target赋值为this,也就是把当前的handler作为msg的target属性。最终会调用queue的enqueueMessage的方法,也就是说handler发出的消息,最终会保存到消息队列中去。

现在已经很清楚了Looper会调用prepare()和loop()方法,在当前执行的线程中保存一个Looper实例,

这个实例会保存一个MessageQueue对象,然后当前线程进入一个无限循环中去,不断从MessageQueue中读取Handler发来的消息。

然后再回调创建这个消息的handler中的dispathMessage方法,下面我们赶快去看一看这个方法:

    /**
     * Handle system messages here.
     */
    public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
        if (msg.callback != null) {
            handleCallback(msg);
        } else {
            if (mCallback != null) {
                if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                    return;
                }
            }
            handleMessage(msg);
        }
    }

调用了handleMessage方法,下面我们去看这个方法:

 
    /**
     * Subclasses must implement this to receive messages.
     */
    public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
    }

这个方法是不是很熟悉啊?

上段熟悉的代码块:

    Handler mHandler=new Handler(){
     @Override
      public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
        super.handleMessage(msg);
        switch (msg.what){
            case 1:
            Log.e("看源码长知识","前面标识老大哥说得对!");
                break;
            default:
            Log.e("看源码长知识","我就什么也不做");
                break;
              }
         }
    };

创建Handler要重写的那个方法,自己处理事件和更新UI的那个方法。恍然大悟!!!

让我们首先总结一下这个流程

增添Handler post方法解析

Handler的post方法创建的线程和UI线程有什么关系?

有时候为了方便,我们会直接写如下代码:

mHandler.post(new Runnable()  
        {  
            @Override  
            public void run()  
            {  
                Log.e("TAG", Thread.currentThread().getName());  
                mTxt.setText("yoxi");  
            }  
        });  

然后run方法中可以写更新UI的代码,其实这个Runnable并没有创建什么线程,而是发送了一条消息,下面看源码:

    /**
     * Causes the Runnable r to be added to the message queue.
     * The runnable will be run on the thread to which this handler is 
     * attached. 
     *  
     * @param r The Runnable that will be executed.
     * 
     * @return Returns true if the Runnable was successfully placed in to the 
     *         message queue.  Returns false on failure, usually because the
     *         looper processing the message queue is exiting.
     */
    public final boolean post(Runnable r)
    {
       return  sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
    }

getPostMessage(r)源码

   private static Message getPostMessage(Runnable r) {
        Message m = Message.obtain();
        m.callback = r;
        return m;
    }

可以看到,在getPostMessage中,得到了一个Message对象,然后将我们创建的Runable对象作为callback属性,赋值给了此message.

注:产生一个Message对象,可以new ,也可以使用Message.obtain()方法;

两者都可以,但是更建议使用obtain方法,因为Message内部维护了一个Message池用于Message的复用,避免使用new 重新分配内存。

public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis)  
   {  
       if (delayMillis < 0) {  
           delayMillis = 0;  
       }  
       return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);  
   }  

public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {  
       MessageQueue queue = mQueue;  
       if (queue == null) {  
           RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(  
                   this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");  
           Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);  
           return false;  
       }  
       return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);  
   }  

最终和handler.sendMessage一样,调用了sendMessageAtTime,然后调用了enqueueMessage方法,给msg.target赋值为handler,最终加入MessagQueue.

可以看到,这里msg的callback和target都有值,那么会执行哪个呢?

其实上面已经贴过代码,就是dispatchMessage方法:

 
    /**
     * Subclasses must implement this to receive messages.
     */
    public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
    }
    
    /**
     * Handle system messages here.
     */
    public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
        if (msg.callback != null) {
            handleCallback(msg);
        } else {
            if (mCallback != null) {
                if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                    return;
                }
            }
            handleMessage(msg);
        }
    }

如果msg.callback不为null,则执行callback回调,也就是我们的Runnable对象。

好了,关于Looper , Handler , Message 这三者关系上面已经叙述的非常清楚了。

洋神的图

后话,小小的提醒

其实Handler不仅可以更新UI,你完全可以在一个子线程中去创建一个Handler,然后使用这个handler实例在任何其他线程中发送消息,最终处理消息的代码都会在你创建Handler实例的线程中运行。

    new Thread()  
        {  
            private Handler handler;  
            public void run()  
            {  
  
                Looper.prepare();  //这句话必须要加
                  
                handler = new Handler()  
                {  
                    public void handleMessage(android.os.Message msg)  
                    {  
                        Log.e("三生三世十里桃花",Thread.currentThread().getName());  
                    };  
                };

Android不仅给我们提供了异步消息处理机制让我们更好的完成UI的更新,其实也为我们提供了异步消息处理机制代码的参考,不仅能够知道原理,最好还可以将此设计用到其他的非Android项目中去.

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