笃学奖--Topic4--B19207--甘比精读
Day 1 words&phrases
Have a pretty good idea 心中有数
condensed
condense from…into...从...压缩而成...
ADJAcondensedbook, explanation, or piece of information has been made shorter, usually by including only the most important parts. 缩编的[usu ADJ n]
例：The council was merely given a condensed version of what had already been disclosed in Washington.
该委员会仅得到了已在华盛顿被披露的内容的一个缩编版。
ADJCondensedliquids have been made thicker by removing some of the water in them. 浓缩的(液体)[usu ADJ n]
例：...condensed mushroom soup.
...浓缩的蘑菇汤。
dust
cloud of dust灰云
1.N-UNCOUNTDustis very small dry particles of earth or sand. 沙尘
例：Tanks raise huge trails of dust when they move.
坦克移动时掀起滚滚的尘土。
2N-UNCOUNTDustis the very small pieces of dirt which you find inside buildings, for example, on furniture, floors, or lights. 灰尘
例：I could see a thick layer of dust on the stairs.
我能看见楼梯上厚厚的一层灰尘。
3.N-UNCOUNTDustis a fine powder which consists of very small particles of a substance such as gold, wood, or coal. 粉末
例：The air is so black with diesel fumes and coal dust, I can barely see.
天空由于充满柴油机的浓烟和煤灰而如此黑，我几乎看不见。
4.V-T/V-IWhen youdustsomething such as furniture, you remove dust from it, usually using a cloth. 去除灰尘
例：I vacuumed and dusted and polished the living room.
我把起居室吸了尘、掸了灰并且擦亮了。
5.V-T/V-IIf youdustsomethingwitha fine substance such as powder or if youdusta fine substanceontosomething, you cover it lightly with that substance. 用 (粉状物) 擦涂; 把 (粉状物) 撒于
例：Lightly dust the fish with flour.
轻轻地把鱼撒上面粉。
6.PHRASEIf you say that somethinghas bitten the dust, you are emphasizing that it no longer exists or that it has failed. 不复存在; 失败[幽默，非正式]
例：In the last 30 years many cherished values have bitten the dust.
过去30年里许多值得珍惜的价值观已经不复存在。
7.PHRASEIf you say that something will happen whenthe dust settles, you mean that a situation will be clearer after it has calmed down. If you letthe dust settlebefore doing something, you let a situation calm down before you try to do anything else. 尘埃落定[非正式]
例：Once the dust had settled Beck defended his decision.
一旦尘埃落定，贝克就为自己的决定进行了辩护。
8.PHRASEIf you say that somethingis gathering dust, you mean that it has been left somewhere and nobody is using it or doing anything with it. 闲置
例：Many of the machines are gathering dust in basements.
很多的机器闲置在地下室里。
interstellar
interstellar gas 星际气体
ADJInterstellarmeans between the stars. 星际的[正式][ADJ n]
例：..interstellar space.
...星际空间。
stromatolites
Na rocky mass consisting of layers of calcareous material and sediment formed by the prolific growth of cyanobacteria: such structures date back to Precambrian times 叠层
debut
N-COUNTThedebutof a performer or sports player is their first public performance, appearance, or recording. 首次登台
例;She made her debut in a 1937 production of "Hamlet."
她在1937年《哈姆雷特》的演出中首次登台。
photosynthesising bacteria 光合作用的细菌
Living organisms 有机体
intriguing
ADJIf you describe something asintriguing, you mean that it is interesting or strange. 新奇的
例：This intriguing book is both thoughtful and informative.
这本引人入胜的书既有思想性又有知识性。
intriguinglyADV新奇地
例：...the intriguingly-named newspaper Le Canard enchainé (The Chained Duck).
…那份名字起得非常新奇的报纸（《戴锁链的鸭》）。
swathe
The rock in question is a 3-kilometre-long swathe on the eastern shores of the Hudson Bay called the Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt.
N-COUNT 可数名词(土地的)一长条，一长片Aswathe ofland is a long strip of land.
【搭配模式】：usu Nofn
On May 1st the army took over anotherswatheof territory...
军队在5月1号又接管了另一长条领土。
Year by year greatswathes of this small nation's countryside disappear.
年复一年,这个小国家的乡村面积正在一片片地大量消失。
shores
河岸;海滨
countable or uncountable the land along the edge of a sea, lake or wide river
•You can walk for miles along the shore.
•The boat was about a mile from/off (the) shore when the engine suddenly died.
注：复数用于文学作品中时还表示“濒海国家”
basalt
It is mostly composed of pillow-shaped basalt, a type of rock formed when lava cools rapidly in seawater.
N-MASS 物质名词玄武岩
Basalt is a type of black rock that is produced by volcanoes.
nodule
Within the veins and nodules of the jasper that intrigued his boss, Mr Dodd found hollow tubes between 2 and 14 microns in diameter and up to 0.5mm long made of haematite, a mineralised form of iron oxide.
N-COUNT 可数名词(植物的)根瘤，根结A nodule is a small round lump which is found on the roots of certain plants.
【搭配模式】：oft n N
...bacteria that live in rootnodules on certain plants.
寄居在某些植物根结里的细菌
intrigued
ADJ-GRADED 能被表示程度的副词或介词词组修饰的形容词被吸引住的;被迷住的If you are intrigued bysomething, especially something strange, it interests you and you want to know more about it.
【搭配模式】：usu v-link ADJ
They areintriguedby her story...
他们被她的故事迷住了。
geological process 地质进程
hollow
hollow tube 真空管
N-COUNT 可数名词凹陷处;低洼地A hollow is an area that is lower than the surrounding surface.
【搭配模式】：oft Nof/in/betweenn
Below him the town lay warm in thehollowof the hill.
在他下方，小镇卧在温暖的山谷里。
N-COUNT 可数名词管子;管;管状物Atubeis a long hollow object that is usually round, like a pipe.
filament
Some of these filaments form networks anchored to a lump of haematite; others are corkscrew-shaped.
N-COUNT 可数名词细丝;细线;丝状物A filament is a very thin piece or thread of something, for example the piece of wire inside a light bulb.
VERB 动词与…有紧密联系;使扎根;使固守If something is anchored in something or to something, it has strong links with it.
His basic outlook remainsanchored in the liberal tradition.
他的基本观念依旧扎根于自由主义传统。
anchored
1.N-COUNTAnanchoris a heavy hooked object that is dropped from a boat into the water at the end of a chain in order to make the boat stay in one place. 锚
2.N-COUNTTheanchoron a television or radio programme, especially a news programme, is the person who presents it. 节目主持人[美国英语]
例：He worked in the news division of ABC – he was the anchor of its 15-minute evening newscast.
他以前在美国广播公司的新闻部工作–他是该公司15分钟晚间新闻节目的主持人。
3.V-T/V-IWhen a boatanchorsor when youanchorit, its anchor is dropped into the water in order to make it stay in one place. 抛锚
例：We could anchor off the pier.
我们可以在码头抛锚。
4.V-TIf an objectis anchoredsomewhere, it is fixed to something to prevent it moving from that place. 使固定
例：The roots anchor the plant in the earth.
根须把这植物固定在土里。
5.V-TThe person whoanchorsa television or radio programme, especially a news programme, is the person who presents it and acts as a link between interviews and reports that come from other places or studios. 主持[美国英语]
例：Viewers saw him anchoring a five-minute summary of regional news.
观众们看到了他主持地区新闻的5分钟综述。
6.N-COUNTAnanchoris the main shop in a mall or shopping centre. 主体商店[美国英语]
例：A clothing shop is to be a key anchor in a new development planned on the vacant lot.
一个服装店将成为在这块空地上计划新开发项目中的一个关键主体商店。
7.PHRASEIf a boat isat anchor, it is floating in a particular place and is prevented from moving by its anchor. 停泊
例：Sailboats lay at anchor in the narrow waterway.
帆船停泊在狭窄的水道里。
lump
a lump of haematite一团赤铁石
N-COUNT 可数名词（一）块A lump of something is a solid piece of it.
【搭配模式】：oft Nofn
The potter shaped and squeezed thelumpof clay into a graceful shape.
制陶工人把黏土块捏塑成优美的形状。
...a lump of wood...
一块木头
corkscrew
N-COUNT 可数名词瓶塞钻;螺丝开瓶起子
A corkscrew is a device for pulling corks out of bottles.
resemblance
N-VAR 可变名词相似之处;类似之处
If there is a resemblance between two people or things, they are similar to each other.
【搭配模式】：oft adj N
There was a remarkableresemblancebetween him and Pete...
他和皮特之间有着惊人的相似之处。
vent
hydrothermal vent热液口
adjective ,relating to or denoting the action of heated water in the earth's crust.
N-COUNT 可数名词通风孔;排气口A vent is a hole in something through which air can come in and smoke, gas, or smells can go out.
Quite a lot of steam escaped from theventat the front of the machine...
大量蒸汽从机器前部的排风口冒了出来。
crenellated
ADJ 形容词(城墙)有雉堞的
In a castle, a crenellated wall has gaps in the top or openings through which to fire at attackers.
tectonic
ADJ 形容词地质构造的;地壳构造的
Tectonic means relating to the structure of the earth's surface or crust.
.the tectonic plates of the Pacific region.
太平洋地区的地壳构造板块
laden
ADJ 形容词装满的；满载的
If someone or something is laden with a lot of heavy things, they are holding or carrying them.
I came homeladenwith cardboard boxes...
我抱着一大堆纸箱回了家。
spurt up喷出
remnants
N-COUNT 可数名词剩余部分;残余部分;残迹;残存物The remnants ofsomething are small parts of it that are left over when the main part has disappeared or been destroyed.
After twenty-four hours of fighting, theremnants of the force were fleeing...
战斗持续了24个小时后，该部队残部打算溜掉。
Beneath the present church wereremnants of Roman flooring...
在现在的教堂下面是古罗马时期地面的遗存。
microbes
N-COUNT 可数名词微生物A microbe is a very small living thing, which you can only see if you use a microscope.
ADJ 形容词卷着的;盘绕的 Coiled means in the form of a series of loops.
coiled
means in the form of a series of loops. 盘绕的[ADJ n]
intriguing
ADJ-GRADED 能被表示程度的副词或介词词组修饰的形容词有趣的;引人入胜的;奇怪的If you describe something as intriguing, you mean that it is interesting or strange.
Thisintriguingbook is both thoughtful and informative.
这本引人入胜的书既有思想性又富知识性。
hydrothermal:adjective,relating to or denoting the action of heated water in the earth's crust.
plausible
ADJ-GRADED 能被表示程度的副词或介词词组修饰的形容词（解释或说法）似乎真实的，貌似合理的An explanation or statement that is plausible seems likely to be true or valid.
That explanation seems entirely plausible to me.
那个解释在我看来完全说得通。
cradle
N-COUNT 可数名词发源地;发祥地
A place that is referred to as the cradle of something is the place where it began.
microscopic pore微观孔隙
gradient
N-COUNT
Agradientis a slope, or the degree to which the ground slopes. 斜坡; 倾斜度[英国英语]
dissolve chemicals 溶解化学物
#play host to life养育生命
scrutiny
N-UNCOUNT 不可数名词详细的检查(或审查);仔细的观察
If a person or thing is underscrutiny, they are being studied or observed very carefully.
The President promised a government open to publicscrutiny.总统承诺政府将接受公众监督。
implication
N-COUNT 可数名词暗示;暗指;含意
The implication of a statement, event, or situation is what it implies or suggests is the case.
The implication was obvious: vote for us or it will be very embarrassing for you...
弦外之音很明显：投票给我们,否则你会非常难堪。
penetrate into 渗透
ecosystem 生态系统
well up from the crust
well up: (of a liquid) rise up to the surface and spill or be about to spill.
N-COUNT 可数名词地壳The earth's crust is its outer layer.
Earthquakes leave scars in the earth's crust.
地震会在地壳上留下裂痕。
one-off一次性的，形容绝无仅有，只出现过一次的事物
Day 2 Logical lines& 神句
self-comprehend
笃学奖--Topic4--B19207--甘比精读
笃师版
（结合笃师讲解版注释）
1. The team contends that these bear more than a passing resemblance to the networks of bacteria that live in hydrothermal vents--- towering, crenellated structures that form in the deep ocean above the boundaries between tectonic plates, where superheated mineral-laden water spurts up from beneath the seabed.
该团队认为，这些细菌与生活在深海热泉中的细菌有着许多相似之处--深海热泉既深海里板块交界边缘锯齿形并有从海底喷出的矿质水的成分。
该团队认为, 这些和生活在深海热泉的细菌群落极为相似----深海热泉指的是: 深海中构造板块交界边缘上方高耸锯齿型的部分,富含矿物质的水从海底喷涌而出。
Bear more than a passing resemblance to: passing指的是过关，及格线，more than a passing resemblance指远超及格线，非常相似。
这句句子结构相当复杂，从句套从句，还是提醒大家牢记就近原则，但是最后一个where打头的从句，前面一个逗号与破折号之间的部分是修饰hydrothermal vents的插入语，所以where修饰的也是hydrothermal vents。大家可以再仔细体会一下。
2. Such a find is doubly intriguing because hydrothermal vents are seen as a plausible candidate for the cradle of life.
这样的发现甚是有趣，因为深海热泉很可能是可靠的生命摇篮
人们认为深海热泉很有可能是生命的摇篮，这就使得该发现显得更有意思。
. Plausible:有两种意思，一个偏褒义，另一个偏贬义，此处指appearing worthy of belief：eg. the argument was both powerful and plausible褒义
. 建议大家好好研究下plausible的用法，高频词。
3. Although the sorts of bacteria apparently found by Dr. Papineau and his colleagues are too complicated to reveal much about the very earliest organisms, the suggestion that hydrothermal vents have played host to life for so long is a strike in the theory’s favor.
尽管D博士和他的同事发想的这种菌落本身太过复杂以至于无法揭示其更早的生命信息，但是他们的研究结果显示热泉生命孕育历史之长，这是证明此理论的最好依据
尽管P教授和同事们发现的这类细菌太过复杂，无法更深入的揭示早期生命体的情况，但依然表明深海热泉养育生命的历史甚为悠久，这是支撑该理论的有力依据。
Too....to...太......以致不能......You are too young to drive. 你太年轻，还不能开车。
Day3 Feelings about it
本文主要介绍了通过最古老的化石被发现科学家通过化学试验和岩石纹理帮助推断最早生命体的产生
对我来说真的是从开始以来最烧脑的一篇了，不只生词都要查，查了之后也不明白其中的深奥，看了一遍又一遍，结合译文，搜索背景。特别是神句的第一句，昨天酝酿了半个多小时。。。像笃师说的，看上去很复杂但不要害怕，结合以前的方法，开头➕结尾结合分析，注意转折词例如（But.however等）算是理清了些头绪。
笃学奖--Topic4--B19207--甘比精读
去年在格林兰岛的岩石中，发现了37亿年前形成的叠层石，在地球历史上，在两种不同的环境中繁衍的微生物，意味着生命的迅速生成和多样化。在几十亿年前古老的微生物中，明显的细胞碎片和其他熟悉的生命标志常常被剥夺了。在地球最古老的岩石里，极端的高温和压力可以溶解和挤压任何生命的残留，而不可识别。因此研究人员主要是依靠化学试验和岩石的图案和纹理来进行推断。于是研究团队就研究被认为是喷出热液口的物质落在海底形成。（既深海热泉被人们普遍认为是生命的摇篮）研究人员发现了赤铁矿的窄管和细丝，类似于今天由细菌生成的矿石。
研究小组还发现了其他暗示，包括生命的碳记号和磷灰石等与生物活性有关的矿物质。两者合计提示这是生命的标志。但是关于这些化石是否属于早期生命还充满了争议。还没有确凿的证据表明它们是源于独特的生命体。
参考资料
地球生命的形成过程
http://bluereader.org/article/84404166
加拿大发现古老生命体
https://rc.mbd.baidu.com/rq7vf41
