计算机组成与设计RISC-V版导读--Chapter1

2020-02-15  本文已影响0人  sarai_c7eb

Chapter1 Computer Abstractions and Technology

写过论文的人对abstraction一定不会陌生;不错,本章就是一些综述的内容,对于热衷技术的人而言肯定乏味的很,但作为一个行业管理者而言,可谓字字珠玑啊;

1.1 introduction

首先介绍了计算机科学在广阔领域的发展,主要是如下领域:

然后总结传统计算机应用及其特点,主要分为3个领域:

最后欢迎大家来到后PC时代,介绍后PC时代的特点:

那么读者可以从这本书学习到什么呢?答案如下:

1.2 Eight Great Ideas in Computer Architecture.

过去60年,计算机架构出现了8个great ideas

1.3 Below Your Program

Application software在system software之上,而system software又在hardware之上;

有两种system software:

  1. operating system
  2. compiler
    将高级语言编写的程序翻译成机器能执行的指令;

From a High-Level Language to the Language of Hardware
机器所能理解的语言叫做
instruction:通常为binary形式的,如1001010100101110,此指令为两个数相加;

1.4 Under the Covers

以ipad2为例,从LCD到CPU的硬件简介。

1.5 Technologies for Buildig Processors and Memory

简单介绍半导体工艺
the cost of an integrated circuit can be expressed in 3 simple equations:
Cost per die=Cost per water/(Dies per wafer x yield)
Dies per wafer=wafer area /Die area
Yield=1/(1+(Defects per area x Die area/2))^2

1.6 Performance

1.7 The Power Wall

首先介绍了8代Intel CPU的频率和功耗走势图;需要注意的是在Pentium4(2001)时,频率达到3.6GHz,功耗达到103M,起后频率与功耗都有降低;

其次介绍单个晶体管的动态功耗(焦耳和瓦特角度):
Energy\propto1/2\timesCapacitive load\times Voltages2
Power\propto1/2\timesCapacitive load\times Voltages2 \timesFrequency switched

Frequency switched和时钟频率相关;
with regard to the Figure, how could clock rates grow by a factor of 1000 while power increased by only a factor of 30?(频率有1000倍增长而功耗只有30倍增长)
Energy and thus power can be reduced by lowering the voltage,每代CPU都采用这种技术,即每代电压减少15%(0.0225)

In 20 years, voltages have gone from 5V to 1V, which is why the increase in power is only 30 times.(0.0225x1000=22.5\approx30)

现代的问题是,继续降低电压会使晶体管too leaky(服务器芯片40%功耗来源于leakage)

to try to adress the power problem, designers have already attached large devices to increase cooling. and they turn off parts of the chip that are not used in a given clock cycle.
尽管需要高昂的降温设备(300W功耗),这种方案还是应用于PC和server,而PMD则不需要;

Power is a challenge for integrated circuits for 2 reasons:

  1. power must be brought in and distributed around the chip;现代芯片可能需要数百个ground和power的引脚
  2. power is dissipated as heat and must be removed.(功耗消耗为热量需要更贵的散热设备)

1.8 The Sea Change: The Switch from Uniprocessors to Multiprocessors

为了解决power问题,引入了multiprocessor的概念,这就要求现代程序员必须要考虑重新编写已有的程序以适应multiprocers;

目前看程序员的转型还很少,期待未来的改变;
For parallel programming, the challenges include scheduling,load balancing,time for synchronization and overhead for communication between the parties .

后面介绍各个章节为parallel revolution而引入的内容;

1.9 Real Stuff: Benchmarking the Intel Core i7

每个章节的结束会举个实例来复习本章内容,第一章结束介绍Benchmark程序如何对不同的CPU进行评价;

如今的Benchmark大多出自SPEC:System Performance Evaluation Cooperative
感兴趣可以看看,具体不介绍了;

1.10 Fallacies and Pitfalls

每章的结束也会有谬论与陷阱这一小节;

1.11 Concluding Remarks

总结本章所有内容。

1.12 Historical Perspective and Further Reading

online reading

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