《语法俱乐部》读书笔记

《语法俱乐部》第一篇 第十一章《主语动词一致性》读书笔记

2023-03-07  本文已影响0人  小邱同学_

每个句⼦都有动词,所以会牵涉到⼀致性的问题,说⽩了就⼀句话:若主语是第三⼈称单数,动词在现在的时态中要加-s.


⼀、主语是⼀个⼈还是两个⼈(物)

① 对等连接词and的情况

Your brother John has come to see you .

这⼀句中brother和John是同⼀个⼈所以要使⽤单数的动词。

Your brother and John have come to see you.

and连接的两个⼈,⼀个是your brother另外⼀个是John,主语是两个⼈,所以应该⽤复数。⼀般来说,对等连接词and出现在主语中通常表⽰有两个⼈,所以要使⽤复数的形式。但是,The senator and delegate(表⽰同⼀个⼈的两个⾝份,是参议员也是代表,所以要使⽤单数的形式),⽽The senator and the delegate(表⽰的两个⼈,有两处使⽤限定词the就应该使⽤复数的形式)。

② 借助限定词进⾏判断

对于限定词的判断例⼦:

限定词:every

Every man and every woman has to do something for the country.

虽然有两个限定词every,但在这句的意思中every是加强语⽓使⽤的,表⽰不论男⼥,每⼀个⼈。相当于every person,所以要使⽤单数的形式。

⼀句古⽼的谚语也是⼀样的道理:

All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

all和no是同⼀件事的两个⽅⾯,所以也应该⽤单数的形式。⼀般来说,我们分析⼀个句⼦,应该从主要的意思上来看到底说的是什么情况,⽐如:

Bread and butter is is not very tasty but very filling.

这⾥的bread和butter说的是同⼀个物体,奶油⾯包。所以应该⽤is。

Bread and butter have both risen in price.

这⾥说的是bread和butter双双涨价,是当作两个物品来看待的,所以要使⽤have。


⼆、主语是哪⼀个

这⾥主要讨论or、but以及as、than连接的多个主语的情况。

① as

You want to borrow money? But I, as well as you am broke.

我们需要把从句进⾏⼀次还原:

I am broke as well as you are.

第⼆个as就是⽐较级连接词,在从句进⾏简化的时候,可以省略be动词,变成as well as you,在把他往前移动变成了,I as well as you am broke。

② than

I , no less than you, am responsible.

这⼀句的原来句⼦是:I am no less responsible than you are.的简化形式。

③ but:连接词表达的两个部分,⼀个是肯定⼀个是否定,在主语中but相当于排除掉否定部分的内容,所以要同肯定部分⼀致

Everyone but a few complete idiots was able to see that.

要排除掉but连接的a few complete idiots,同表⽰肯定的everyone主语⼀致。

④ or:⼆选⼀,选靠近动词部分的主语

Either my father alone or both my parents are coming.


三、主语中有every、each、either、neither等表⽰“⼀”的单词出现的时候,使⽤单数名词作主语⽤单数动词配合。

Everybody is to report here tomorrow.

Each has to make a five-minute speech.


四、主语是关系代名词时

关系代名词代表的是先⾏词,本⾝没有单复数的变化,主要看它代表的是什么。

I don't trust people who talk too much.

这⾥的who代表的是前⾯的people,由people决定其单复数。

He has three options, which look equally attractive.

这⾥的which代表的是three options,所以要使⽤look。

He has three options, which is a good thing.

这⾥的which代表的是他有三种选择这⼀件事,并说明这是个好事,所以要使⽤is。


五、以度量衡、时间、⾦钱为单位作主语

虽然这些度量单位以复数的形式出现,主语不⼀定要当作复数看。

He makes eighty thousand dollars a year, which is is a lot of money.

⼋万块钱,并不是⼋万个⼀块钱的概念,⽽是当作⼀个整体来砍,所以使⽤is。


六、主语后⾯有介词短语

① ⼀般情况

Mrs.Lindsey, together with her son, is is on a European tour.

⼀般来说介词短语并不影响主语的单复数,所以同主语⼀致。

② 其他例外的情况,主语为空时:

All of these are Lishan pears.

all看不出主语是什么的时候,就要看介词短语来判断,these指⽰的是Lishan pears所以要使⽤are。

All but one of the pears are ripe.

⾸先,all看不出主语是什么,所以看后⾯的介词短语,⽽but将介词短语中的one给否定掉了,只留下了the pears,所以要使⽤are。

③ 区分:

a number代表的是某个数量的……,是若⼲个,所以要⽤复数。the number代表的是that number,指的是⼀个具体的数字,所以要⽤单数。a pair of ……如果主语是a pair就是one pair所以是单数。


六、集合名词

集合名词形如:staff、faculty、family、police、committee、crew等,表⽰⼀个集体的时候,要⽤单数,⽽不加-s表⽰具体单位内的成员时,要⽤复数动词。

The committee is five years old.

显然这⾥的committee代指的是⼀个具体的委员,所以要使⽤is。

The committee are mostly Republican politicians.

这⾥的committee代指的是⼤多数委员,所以要使⽤复数的动词are。


七、⼀些以s结尾的名词

名词词尾的s不⼀定就代表复数,通常代表学科、疾病的字眼就是-s结尾的名词。

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