语法基础4第二节——虚拟语气
一、什么是虚拟语气
虚拟表示与事实相反或虚假的、难以实现的情况，我们会在英文中使用虚拟语气。
有时表示主观愿望、建议或某种强烈情感，也用虚拟语气。
二、一般用法
1 ）对现在的虚拟
例： 如果你是我眼中的一滴泪，我就永远不会哭泣。
【翻译】If you are a tear in my eyes, I will never shed it.（主将从现）（条件状语从句）
写成虚拟语气，只需要把写好的句子时态变成它的过去式就可以了。并且在虚拟语气中，BE动词的过去式只有were，没有was，并且could=would=might 。
【虚拟语气】If you were a tear in my eyes, I would never shed it.
主句用“would + do”；从句用一般过去时。
2 ）对过去的虚拟
例：如果昨天晚上我是一条狗，就能够和你睡在床上了。
【翻译】If I was a dog last night, I could sleep in bed with you.
【虚拟语气】If I had been a dog last night, I could have slept in bed with you.
主句用“could + have done”；从句用过去完成时。
延伸：现在完成时和过去完成时相同点是：动作都是发生在过去的；不同点是：现在完成时一般没有确切的时间点，过去完成时通常都跟时间点。
3）对将来的虚拟
要注意的是，对将来的虚拟从句用法有点特殊，不只是往后推一个时态，它的构成是：
主句是 would/could/might/should+ do（同现在的虚拟），从句是 were to do 或者 should do。
例：If it should rain tomorrow, the game would be put off.
如果明天万一下雨，比赛就会推迟。
练习：
① 如果每一个大学生都沉溺于短视频的话，他到死也会一事无成。
【翻译】If every undergraduate is indulged in short videos , he will achieve nothing until the end of his life.
【虚拟】If every undergraduate were indulged in short videos , he would achieve nothing until the end of his life.
② 如果没有阴云密布，我们就不会享受阳光。
【翻译】If there are no clouds, we will not enjoy the sun.
【虚拟】If there were no clouds, we should not enjoy the sun.
③ 如果我当时努力学习的话，我肯定会成功的。
【翻译】If I worked hard at the beginning, I would surely succeed.
【虚拟】If I had worked hard at the beginning, I would have surely succeeded.
④ 如果凤英还在，我会让她成为这个世界上最幸福的母亲。
【翻译】If Fengying is still alive today, I will make her the happiest mother in the world.
【虚拟】If Fengying were still alive today, I would make her the happiest mother in the world.
⑤ 如果他要能上北京大学的话，他一定会让全世界知道这件事情。
【翻译】If he should go to Pecking University, he would be sure to let the world know about it.
【改写】If he went to Pecking University, he would be sure to let the world know about it.
三、特殊用法
1、以下情况从句用“should + 动词原形”表示虚拟，并且 should 可以省略
以防： in case that ，for fear that ，lest 等。
“命”（命令）： order ，direct ，command 等。
“贱”（建议）： suggest ，advise ，propose 等。
要求： ask ，request ，demand，require 等。
用虚拟
是必要/重要/紧急的：It is necessary / important / urgent that...
举例：
① 医生建议我多吃蔬菜。
【翻译】The doctor suggested that I should eat more vegetables.
② 大学生掌握一门外语很有必要。
【翻译】It is necessary that a college students should master a foreign language.
③ 我的建议是我们要定一个交论文的截止日期。
【翻译】My proposal is that we (should) set a deadline for handing the essay.
④ 建议在所有准备工作做好之前不要启动该项目。
【翻译】It is suggested that the project not be started until all the preparations have been made.
⑤ 人人都要遵守法律，这很重要。
【翻译】It is quite crucial that everyone should obey the laws.
2、以下情况遵循时态前推原则
常见的词有： wish（希望） ，if only（如果......该多好啊），but for（要不是），or/otherwise（否则），as if/as though（好像）等。
① 我希望以后能做你的天使保护你。
【翻译】I wish I would be your angel and protect you.
② 我希望了解世界所有事。
【翻译】I wish I knew everything in the world.
③ 我多希望我在北京的时候能去一趟颐和园。
【翻译】I wish I had visited the Summer Palace when I was in Beijing.
④ 老人体格健壮，打球就像个年轻人。
【翻译】The old man is physically strong and he plays the ball as if he were a young man.
3、would rather 专题
1）would rather do sth. 宁愿做某事
举例：
① I would rather stay at home and do some reading this evening.
【翻译】我今晚宁愿呆在家里读点书。
② He would rather work in the countryside than in big cities.
【翻译】他宁愿去农村工作也不愿意去大城市。
2 ）would rather sb. did 宁愿某人做某事
举例：
① I would rather you told me the truth.
【翻译】我宁愿你把真相告诉我。
② I am busy today, I would rather you visited tomorrow.
【翻译】我今天没时间，我希望你明天再来找我。
3 ）would rather sb. had done 宁愿、希望某人过去做过某事，事实上并没有做
举例：
① I would rather I had passed the examination last week.
【翻译】我真希望通过上星期的考试。
② I would rather you hadn’t told him the bad news that day.
【翻译】我真希望你那天没有把那个坏消息告诉他。
4、It is high time (that) （是...的时候）的虚拟用法
从句用过去式表示虚拟
举例：
① It is high time that we took some measures to solve this problem.
【翻译】我们是时候采取一些措施解决这个问题了。
② It is high time that we put an end to this lecture.
【翻译】现在是我们该结束讲座的时候了。
四、虚拟语气的考点分析
1、写作
举例：
① 如果一个人生活中没有兴趣，他经常会觉得无聊。
【翻译】If a person has no interest in his life, he will often feel bored.
【虚拟】If a person had no interest in his life, he would often feel bored.
② 大学密切关注大学生心理健康问题是非常必要的。
【翻译】It is quite necessary that universities should pay close attention to the mental health of university students.
③ 我们是时候对野生动物保护加以高度重视了。
【翻译】It is high time that we laid great emphasis on the wildlife protection.
④ 我的建议是普通市民应自觉保护小区环境、不随便丢垃圾。
【翻译】My suggestion is that common citizens should protect their community environment and （should）not dump rubbish at random.
2、长难句分析
举例：
① If that happened, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk.
【翻译】这种情况一旦发生，激动的消费者会尽力说服他人抵制产品，从而使目标 企业的声誉处于危险境地。
② At Boston College, for example, you would have to complete an extra year were you to switch to the nursing school from another department.
【翻译】例如在波士顿大学，从其他学院转到护理学院要多修一年课程。
