golang技术程序员码农的世界

golang入门学习笔记(四)

2017-11-25  本文已影响183人  一字马胡

作者: 一字马胡
转载标志 【2017-11-25】

更新日志

日期 更新内容 备注
2017-11-25 新建文章 go语言入门学习笔记(四)

golang入门学习笔记系列

golang入门学习笔记(一)
golang入门学习笔记(二)
golang入门学习笔记(三)

Atomic Counters

所谓Atomic,也就是不可中断的操作,下面是go语言中使用Atomic的例子:


// Atomic test
// using nGoroutines goroutines to atomic the counter
// you should sleep some time to test atomic.
func testAtomicCounter(nGoroutines int, counter *int64)  {
    if nGoroutines == 0 {
        nGoroutines = 100 //default goroutines
    }

    for i := 0; i < nGoroutines; i ++ {
        go func() {
            for {
                //atomic add
                atomic.AddInt64(counter, 1)
                //no cpu 100%
                time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * time.Duration(rand.Intn(1000)))
            }

        } ()
    }
}


    var counter int64 = 0
    var nGoroutines = 50

    testAtomicCounter(nGoroutines, &counter)

    //sleep 2 secs to wait the atomic test func
    time.Sleep(time.Second * time.Duration(2))

    counterCopy := atomic.LoadInt64(&counter)
    log.Printf("The Atomic Result:%d", counterCopy)

上面的例子使用多个goroutine来模拟并发竞争,counter是我们维护的计数器。

Mutexes

Mutexes类似于锁,可以使用Mutexes来安全的访问多个goroutine共享的数据,下面是一个使用Mutexes的例子:


//test the Mutexes
//using nGoroutines goroutines to mock ops.
//the share will be ref many goroutines
//the mutext is the "lock"
func testMutexes(nGoroutines int, share *int32, mutex sync.Mutex)  {
    if nGoroutines == 0 {
        nGoroutines = 100
    }

    for i := 0; i < nGoroutines; i ++ {
        go func() {
            rdm := rand.Int31n(10)
            //lock the share
            mutex.Lock()

            *share += rdm

            //unlock the share
            mutex.Unlock()

            //no cpu 100%
            time.Sleep(time.Second * time.Duration(3))
        } ()
    }
}


    var nGoroutines = 50
    var texes = &sync.Mutex{}
    var share int32 = 0

    testMutexes(nGoroutines, &share, *mutexes)

    time.Sleep(time.Second * time.Duration(5))

    shareCopy := atomic.LoadInt32(&share)

    log.Printf("share:%d\n", shareCopy)
    

上面的代码使用Mutexes来显示的将多个goroutine共享的share锁住再进行操作。

Stateful Goroutines

除了上面介绍的使用Mutexes来进行多个goroutine同步之外,另一个选择是使用 goroutine 和 channel 内置的同步功能来达到相同的结果,下面是一个例子:


//just test the goroutine "sync" at 2017-11-25 11:13
//
func test201711251113()  {

    //read op
    type readOp struct {
        key int
        value chan int
    }

    //write op
    type writeOp struct {
        key int
        value int
        res chan bool
    }

    reads := make(chan *readOp)
    writes := make(chan *writeOp)

    go func() {
        //the share map
        var share = make(map[int]int)

        for {
            select {
            case read := <- reads:
                read.value <- share[read.key] // read map and send it
            case write := <- writes:
                key := write.key
                value := write.value
                share[key] = value
                write.res <- true
            }
        }
    } ()

    nWrites := 100
    nReads := 50

    for i := 0; i < nReads; i ++ {
        go func() {
            for {
                read := &readOp{
                    key:rand.Intn(10),
                    value:make(chan int),
                }

                reads <- read
                v := <-read.value
                log.Printf("read value:%d for key:%d\n", v, read.key)

                //no cpu 100%
                time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * time.Duration(2000))
            }
        } ()
    }

    for i := 0; i < nWrites; i ++ {
        go func() {
            for {
                write := &writeOp{
                    key:rand.Intn(10),
                    value:rand.Intn(10),
                    res:make(chan bool),
                }

                writes <- write
                <- write.res
                log.Printf("write value:%d for key:%d\n", write.value, write.key)
                //no cpu 100%
                time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * time.Duration(2000))
            }
        } ()
    }

    //wait some times
    time.Sleep(time.Second * time.Duration(3))

}

golang博大精深,还得慢慢学习体会其中的深意啊!

Sort for golang

go对slice支持内置和自定义两种类型的排序,需要注意的是排序是在原来的slice上进行的,而不会生成一个新的slice,下面是一个go语言的sort的使用示例:


//struct of key-value pair
//
type key_value struct {
    key int
    value int
}

//key-value array
type keyValues []key_value

func (kvs keyValues) Len() int{
    return len(kvs)
}

func (kvs keyValues) Swap(i, j int) {
    kvs[i], kvs[j] = kvs[j], kvs[i]
}

func (kvs keyValues) Less(i, j int) bool  {
    kvI := kvs[i]
    kvJ := kvs[j]

    if (kvI.key == kvJ.key) {
        return kvI.value <= kvJ.value
    } else {
        return kvI.key <= kvJ.key
    }
}

//just test the sort of golang
// 2017-11-25 11:33
func testSort()  {
    orgString := []string {"a", "c", "b", "e", "d"}
    sort.Strings(orgString)

    fmt.Print(orgString, "\n")

    ints := []int {1, 2, 5, 3, 10, 4}
    if sort.IntsAreSorted(ints) {
        fmt.Print("the ints are sorted!\n")
    }

    sort.Ints(ints)

    fmt.Print(ints, "\n")

    kvs := []key_value {
        key_value{key:1,value:3},
        key_value{key:1,value:2},
        key_value{key:2,value:3},
    }

    sort.Sort(keyValues(kvs))

    fmt.Print(kvs, "\n")
}

上面的代码首先根据内置的排序进行排序实验,然后自定义了一种类型,并且对该类型进行自定义排序,排序的规则可以看Less方法的具体实现,如果我们想要实现自定义的排序,就需要实现Sort接口的三个方法,实现之后就可以使用sort方法来进行自定义排序了。

defer for golang

defer类似于java语言中的finally语句块,用于在函数返回之前做一些处理,常用于在函数返回之前做一些资源回收的操作,比如打开的文件资源,需要注意的一点是,当有多个defer的时候,defer的执行是FILO的,也就是说,golang的defer管理使用了栈,先放进去的defer语句将稍后执行,下面的例子是使用golang中的defer的示例:


func tmp(r *int)  {
    * r += 10
}

func p1() {
   fmt.Print("p1\n")
}

func p2() {
   fmt.Print("p2\n")
}

func deferTest(i, j int) (r int){

    fileName := "/Users/hujian06/github/goLang-demo/goFirst.go";
    file, err := os.Open(fileName)
    if err!= nil {
        panic(err)
    }

    defer file.Close() // 1 defer
    defer tmp(&r) // 2 defer
    defer p1()
    defer p2()


     r = i + j  

    return r
}


    r := deferTest(1, 2)

    fmt.Print(r , "\n")
    

运行上面的代码,结果为13,而且p1和p2的输出顺序为p2->p1,这些结果充分说明了上面的结论,具体的细节可以自己测试一下。

文/一字马胡
上一篇 下一篇

猜你喜欢

热点阅读