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python argparse用法总结

2016-09-26  本文已影响38449人  yarving

1. argparse介绍

是python的一个命令行解析包,非常编写可读性非常好的程序

2. 基本用法

prog.py是我在linux下测试argparse的文件,放在/tmp目录下,其内容如下:

#!/usr/bin/env python
# encoding: utf-8


import argparse
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.parse_args()

测试:

yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py 

yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py --help
usage: prog.py [-h]

optional arguments:
  -h, --help  show this help message and exit

yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py -v 
usage: prog.py [-h]
prog.py: error: unrecognized arguments: -v

yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py foo
usage: prog.py [-h]
prog.py: error: unrecognized arguments: foo

3. positional arguments

positional arguments为英文定义,中文名叫有翻译为定位参数的,用法是不用带-就可用
修改prog.py的内容如下:

#!/usr/bin/env python
# encoding: utf-8


import argparse


parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument("echo")
args = parser.parse_args()
print args.echo

执行测试如下

yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py   
usage: prog.py [-h] echo
prog.py: error: too few arguments

yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py -h
usage: prog.py [-h] echo

positional arguments:
  echo

optional arguments:
  -h, --help  show this help message and exit

yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py hahahaha
hahahaha

定义了一个叫echo的参数,默认必选

4. optional arguments

中文名叫可选参数,有两种方式:

  1. 一种是通过一个-来指定的短参数,如-h
  2. 一种是通过--来指定的长参数,如--help

这两种方式可以同存,也可以只存在一个,修改prog.py内容如下:

#!/usr/bin/env python
# encoding: utf-8


import argparse


parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument("-v", "--verbosity", help="increase output verbosity")
args = parser.parse_args()
if args.verbosity:
        print "verbosity turned on"

注意这一行:parser.add_argument("-v", "--verbosity", help="increase output verbosity")
定义了可选参数-v--verbosity,通过解析后,其值保存在args.verbosity变量中
用法如下:

yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py -v 1
verbosity turned on

yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py --verbosity 1
verbosity turned on

yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py -h           
usage: prog.py [-h] [-v VERBOSITY]

optional arguments:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -v VERBOSITY, --verbosity VERBOSITY
                        increase output verbosity

yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py -v 
usage: prog.py [-h] [-v VERBOSITY]
prog.py: error: argument -v/--verbosity: expected one argument

5. action='store_true'

上一个用法中-v必须指定参数值,否则就会报错,有没有像-h那样,不需要指定参数值的呢,答案是有,通过定义参数时指定action="store_true"即可,用法如下

#!/usr/bin/env python
# encoding: utf-8


import argparse


parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument("-v", "--verbose", help="increase output verbosity",
                    action="store_true")
args = parser.parse_args()
if args.verbose:
        print "verbosity turned on"

测试:

yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py -v
verbosity turned on

yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py -h
usage: prog.py [-h] [-v]

optional arguments:
  -h, --help     show this help message and exit
  -v, --verbose  increase output verbosity

第一个例子中,-v没有指定任何参数也可,其实存的是TrueFalse,如果出现,则其值为True,否则为False

6. 类型 type

默认的参数类型为str,如果要进行数学计算,需要对参数进行解析后进行类型转换,如果不能转换则需要报错,这样比较麻烦
argparse提供了对参数类型的解析,如果类型不符合,则直接报错。如下是对参数进行平方计算的程序:

#!/usr/bin/env python
# encoding: utf-8


import argparse


parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument('x', type=int, help="the base")
args = parser.parse_args()
answer = args.x ** 2
print answer

测试

yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py 2
4

yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py two
usage: prog.py [-h] x
prog.py: error: argument x: invalid int value: 'two'

yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py -h 
usage: prog.py [-h] x

positional arguments:
  x           the base

optional arguments:
  -h, --help  show this help message and exit

7. 可选值choices=[]

5中的action的例子中定义了默认值为TrueFalse的方式,如果要限定某个值的取值范围,比如6中的整形,限定其取值范围为0, 1, 2,该如何进行呢?
修改prog.py文件如下:

#!/usr/bin/env python
# encoding: utf-8


import argparse


parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument("square", type=int,
                    help="display a square of a given number")
parser.add_argument("-v", "--verbosity", type=int, choices=[0, 1, 2],
                    help="increase output verbosity")
args = parser.parse_args()
answer = args.square**2
if args.verbosity == 2:
    print "the square of {} equals {}".format(args.square, answer)
elif args.verbosity == 1:
    print "{}^2 == {}".format(args.square, answer)
else:
    print answer

测试如下:

yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py 4 -v 0
16
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py 4 -v 1
4^2 == 16
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py 4 -v 2
the square of 4 equals 16
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py 4 -v 3
usage: prog.py [-h] [-v {0,1,2}] square
prog.py: error: argument -v/--verbosity: invalid choice: 3 (choose from 0, 1, 2)
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py -h
usage: prog.py [-h] [-v {0,1,2}] square

positional arguments:
  square                display a square of a given number

optional arguments:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -v {0,1,2}, --verbosity {0,1,2}
                        increase output verbosity

8. 自定义帮助信息help

上面很多例子中都为help赋值,如
parser.add_argument("square", type=int, help="display a square of a given number")
在打印输出时,会有如下内容

positional arguments:
  square                display a square of a given number

也就是help为什么,打印输出时,就会显示什么

9. 程序用法帮助

8中介绍了为每个参数定义帮助文档,那么给整个程序定义帮助文档该怎么进行呢?
通过argparse.ArgumentParser(description="calculate X to the power of Y")即可
修改prog.py内容如下:

#!/usr/bin/env python
# encoding: utf-8


import argparse


parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="calculate X to the power of Y")
group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
group.add_argument("-v", "--verbose", action="store_true")
group.add_argument("-q", "--quiet", action="store_true")
parser.add_argument("x", type=int, help="the base")
parser.add_argument("y", type=int, help="the exponent")
args = parser.parse_args()
answer = args.x**args.y

if args.quiet:
    print answer
elif args.verbose:
    print "{} to the power {} equals {}".format(args.x, args.y, answer)
else:
    print "{}^{} == {}".format(args.x, args.y, answer)

打印帮助信息时即显示calculate X to the power of Y

yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py -h
usage: prog.py [-h] [-v | -q] x y

calculate X to the power of Y

positional arguments:
  x              the base
  y              the exponent

optional arguments:
  -h, --help     show this help message and exit
  -v, --verbose
  -q, --quiet

10. 互斥参数

在上个例子中介绍了互斥的参数

group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
group.add_argument("-v", "--verbose", action="store_true")
group.add_argument("-q", "--quiet", action="store_true")

第一行定义了一个互斥组,第二、三行在互斥组中添加了-v-q两个参数,用上个例子中的程序进行如下测试:

yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py 4 2      
4^2 == 16
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py 4 2 -v
4 to the power 2 equals 16
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py 4 2 -q
16
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py 4 2 -q -v

可以看出,-q-v不出现,或仅出现一个都可以,同时出现就会报错。
可定义多个互斥组

11.参数默认值

介绍了这么多,有没有参数默认值该如何定义呢?
修改prog.py内容如下:

#!/usr/bin/env python
# encoding: utf-8


import argparse


parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="calculate X to the power of Y")
parser.add_argument("square", type=int,
                    help="display a square of a given number")
parser.add_argument("-v", "--verbosity", type=int, choices=[0, 1, 2], default=1,
                    help="increase output verbosity")
args = parser.parse_args()
answer = args.square**2
if args.verbosity == 2:
    print "the square of {} equals {}".format(args.square, answer)
elif args.verbosity == 1:
    print "{}^2 == {}".format(args.square, answer)
else:
    print answer

测试结果如下

yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py 8 
8^2 == 64
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py 8 -v 0
64
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py 8 -v 1
8^2 == 64
yarving@yarving-VirtualBox /tmp $ python prog.py 8 -v 2
the square of 8 equals 64

可以看到如果不指定-v的值,args.verbosity的值默认为1,为了更清楚的看到默认值,也可以直接打印进行测试。

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