oracle基础文档

2018-12-09  本文已影响0人  钟敏_1788

1.oracle的sqlplus....................................................................................................... 3

2 oracle 的简单查询................................................................................................... 3

3 oracle的限定查询.................................................................................................... 4

4 oracle查询排序....................................................................................................... 5

5 oracle的单行函数.................................................................................................... 8

5.1字符串函数:.................................................................................................. 8

5.2数字函数..................................................................................................... 10

5.3 时间函数.................................................................................................... 11

5.4 转换函数.................................................................................................... 13

5.5通用函数..................................................................................................... 13

6.Oracle子查询........................................................................................................ 14

6.1单行单列..................................................................................................... 14

6.2.单行多列的信息.......................................................................................... 15

6.3子查询返回单行多列.................................................................................... 16

6.4在having字句之中使用子查询..................................................................... 17

6.5在from字句中使用子查询........................................................................... 18

7分组统计查询........................................................................................................ 20

8多表查询............................................................................................................... 21

9数据库更新........................................................................................................... 25

9.1.1数据增加.................................................................................................. 25

9.1.2数据修改.................................................................................................. 26

9.1.3数据删除.................................................................................................. 27

10事务处理............................................................................................................. 27

11数据伪劣............................................................................................................. 29

11.1行号 ROWNUM.......................................................................................... 29

11.2 行ID :ROWID................................................................................................ 30

12 表的创建............................................................................................................ 31

12.1常见数据类型............................................................................................ 31

12.2创建表....................................................................................................... 31

12.3 复制表...................................................................................................... 32

12.4修改表结构................................................................................................ 34

13 约束................................................................................................................... 35

13.1 非空约束.................................................................................................. 35

13.2唯一约束................................................................................................... 35

13.3主键约束................................................................................................... 36

13.4主外键约束................................................................................................ 37

14  序列.......................................................................................................... 39

15视图.................................................................................................................... 41

16 同义词................................................................................................................ 43

17索引.................................................................................................................... 43

18数据库备份.......................................................................................................... 45

19用户管理............................................................................................................. 46

20数据库设计.......................................................................................................... 47

20.1第一范式................................................................................................... 47

20.2第二范式(多对多).................................................................................. 48

20.2第三范式(多对多)、................................................................................ 49

21sybaase powerdesigner工具............................................................................ 49

          oracle基础文档

1.oracle的sqlplus

但常用的几种连接方式也就几种:

[if !supportLists]1.1 [endif]sqlplus / as sysdb

sqlplus / assysdba

[if !supportLists]1.2 [endif]sqlplus “/as sysdba”

sqlplus "/assysdba"

[if !supportLists]1.3 [endif]sqlplus username/pwd@host/service_name

sqlplustiger/scott@localhost/orcl sqlplustiger/scott@172.16.10.1:1521/orcl

[if !supportLists]1.4 [endif]sqlplus /nolog

sqlplus /nolog

conn tiger/scottconntiger/scott@172.16.0.1/orcl

2 oracle 的简单查询

1,利用select 子句控制要显示的数据列:

1select  empno,ename,ename,job,sal from emp; 

2,可以使用distinct来消除重复的数据行显示:

1select distinct  job from emp; 

3,select子句可以进行四则运算,可以直接输出常量内容,但是对于字符串使用单引号数字直接编写,日期格式按照字符格式:

1select  empno,ename,(sal*15+(200+100)) income from emp;

4,||负责输出内容连接此类的操作很少直接在查询中出现:

1select  empno||ename from emp;

5,where子句一般都写在from子句之后,但是是紧跟着from子句之后执行的,where子句控制显示数据行的操作,而select控制数据列,select子句要落后于where子句执行,所以在select子句之中定义的别名无法在where中使用。

3 oracle的限定查询

1,关系运算符:

1

2

3

4

5

select * from  emp where sal>1500;

select * from  emp where ename ='SMITH'

select  empno,ename,job from emp where job<>'SALESMAN';

2,逻辑运算符:

1

2

3

select * from  emp where sal>1500 and sal<3000;

select * from  emp where sal>2000 or job='CLERK';

select * from

  emp where not sal >=2000;

3,范围查询:

1

2

select * from  emp where sal between 1500 and 2000;

select * from

  emp where hiredate between '01-1月-1981'and'31-12月-1981';

4,空判断(空在数据库上表示不确定,如果在数据列使用null不表示0)

1select * from

  emp where comm is not null;

5,IN操作符(类似于between and 而in给出的是指定的范围):

1select * from  emp where empno in (7369,7566,7788,9999);

关于not in与null的问题:

在使用not in 进行范围判断的时候,如果范围有null,那么不会有任何结果返回。

6,模糊查询:

“-”:匹配任意一位字符;

“%”:匹配任意的0,1,,或者多位字符;

查询姓名是以字母A开头的雇员信息:

1select * from emp where ename like 'A%'

查询姓名第二个字母是A的雇员信息:

1select * from  emp where ename like '_A%';

查询姓名任意位置是A的雇员信息:

1select * from  emp where ename like '%A%';

查询排序:

ASC(默认):按照升序排列;

DESC: 按照降序排列;

查询所有的雇员信息,要求按照工资的由高到低:

1select * from

  emp order by sal desc;

查询每个雇员的编号,姓名,年薪,按照年薪由低到高排序:

1select empno

  ,ename,sal*12 income from emp order by income;

语句的执行顺序:from - where -select - order by

4 oracle查询排序

[if !supportLists]1.[endif]升序排序

【训练1】  查询雇员姓名和工资,并按工资从小到大排序。

输入并执行查询:

Sql代码

SELECT

ename, sal FROM emp ORDER BY sal; 

SELECT

ename, sal FROM emp ORDER BY sal;

执行结果为:

Sql代码

ENAME           

SAL  

------------- --------------------  

SMITH            

800  

JAMES            

950 

ENAME           

SAL

------------- --------------------

SMITH            

800

JAMES            

950

注意:若省略ASC和DESC,则默认为ASC,即升序排序。

[if !supportLists]2.[endif]降序排序

【训练2】  查询雇员姓名和雇佣日期,并按雇佣日期排序,后雇佣的先显示。

输入并执行查询:

Sql代码

SELECT

ename,hiredate FROM emp ORDER BY hiredate DESC; 

SELECT

ename,hiredate FROM emp ORDER BY hiredate DESC;

结果如下:

Sql代码

ENAME      

HIREDATE  

------------- -----------------------  

ADAMS       23-5月 -87  

SCOTT       19-4月 -87  

MILLER     

23-1月 -82  

JAMES       03-12月-81  

FORD        03-12月-81 

ENAME      

HIREDATE

------------- -----------------------

ADAMS       23-5月 -87

SCOTT      19-4月 -87

MILLER    

23-1月 -82

JAMES      03-12月-81

FORD       03-12月-81

注意: DESC表示降序排序,不能省略。

[if !supportLists]3.[endif]多列排序

可以按多列进行排序,先按第一列,然后按第二列、第三列......。

 【训练3】  查询雇员信息,先按部门从小到大排序,再按雇佣时间的先后排序。

输入并执行查询:

Sql代码

SELECT

ename,deptno,hiredate FROM emp ORDER BY deptno,hiredate; 

SELECT

ename,deptno,hiredate FROM emp ORDER BY deptno,hiredate;

结果如下:

Sql代码

ENAME      

DEPTNO HIREDATE  

---------------- ----------------- ---------------  

CLARK                 

10 09-6月 -81  

KING                  

10 17-11月-81  

MILLER                

10 23-1月 -82  

SMITH                 

20 17-12月-80  

JONES                 

20 02-4月 -81  

FORD                  

20 03-12月-81  

SCOTT                 

20 19-4月 -87 

ENAME      

DEPTNO HIREDATE

---------------- ----------------- ---------------

CLARK                 

10 09-6月 -81

KING                  

10 17-11月-81

MILLER                

10 23-1月 -82

SMITH                 

20 17-12月-80

JONES                 

20 02-4月 -81

FORD                  

20 03-12月-81

SCOTT                 

20 19-4月 -87

说明:该排序是先按部门升序排序,部门相同的情况下,再按雇佣时间升序排序。

4.在排序中使用别名

如果要对计算列排序,可以为计算列指定别名,然后按别名排序。

 【训练4】  按工资和工作月份的乘积排序。

输入并执行查询:

Sql代码

SELECT

empno, ename, sal*Months_between(sysdate,hiredate) AS total FROM

emp   

ORDER BY total; 

SELECT

empno, ename, sal*Months_between(sysdate,hiredate) AS total FROM emp

ORDER BY total;

执行结果为:

Sql代码

EMPNO

ENAME         TOTAL  

------------ ------------- ----------------------  

7876    ADAMS      

221526.006  

7369    SMITH      

222864.661  

7900    JAMES      

253680.817  

7654   MARTIN      336532.484 

 EMPNO

ENAME         TOTAL

------------ ------------- ----------------------

7876    ADAMS       221526.006

7369    SMITH      222864.661

7900    JAMES      253680.817

7654   MARTIN      336532.484

sysdate获取当前日期。

5 oracle的单行函数

5.1字符串函数:

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注意SUBSTR 如果向要从后向前截取,可以使用负数来表示

例如:SUBSTR('helloword',-3),表示截取最后三个字符,不写长度.默认从开始截取到字符串的末尾.

以上函数除了INITCAP以外都可以在mysql中使用

程序中的字符串,下标从0开始,数据库中的下标从1开始,Oracle中,如果下标写0.则按照1处理,在mysql中,不会返回任何结果

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5.2数字函数

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5.3 时间函数

在日期中有如下三个操作:

日期+数字=日期(表示若干天之后的天数)

日期-数字=日期(表示若干天前的天数)

日期-日期=天数(表示两个日期相差多少天)

但是这种计算的结果不精确,在oracle中不精确,在mysql中结果会是一种错误的结果

所以给出以下日期函数

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5.4 转换函数

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5.5通用函数

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6.Oracle子查询

子查询可以出现在很多位置,比如: 当列、当表、当条件等

语法:

SELECT (

子查询)

FROM (

子查询)

WHERE (

子查询)

GROUP BY

子句

HAVING (

子查询)

ORDER BY

子句

注:子查询要用括号括起来。

6.1单行单列

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6.2.单行多列的信息

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6.3子查询返回单行多列

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6.4在having字句之中使用子查询

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6.5在from字句中使用子查询

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7分组统计查询

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8多表查询

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笛卡尔积问题:

本问题在数据库的操作之中被称为笛卡尔积,就表示多张表的数据乘积的意思,但是这种查询结果肯定不是用户所希望的,那么该如何去掉笛卡尔积呢?

最简单的方式是采用关联字段的形式,emp表和dept表之间现在存在了deptno的关联字段,所以现在可以从这个字段上的判断开始

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9数据库更新

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9.1.1数据增加

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9.1.2数据修改

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9.1.3数据删除

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10事务处理

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11数据伪劣

11.1行号 ROWNUM

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11.2 行ID :ROWID

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12 表的创建

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12.1常见数据类型

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12.2创建表

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12.3 复制表

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12.4修改表结构

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修改列结构

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13 约束

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13.1 非空约束

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13.2唯一约束

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13.3主键约束

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13.4主外键约束

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14 序列

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15视图

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16 同义词

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17索引

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18数据库备份

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19用户管理

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20数据库设计

20.1第一范式

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20.2第二范式(多对多)

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20.2第三范式(多对多)、

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21sybaase powerdesigner工具

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