雅思语法第十四课：直述句和转述句
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!非盈利非盈利非盈利！
这段话应该会出现在笔者所有雅思笔记的上面吧我想~
这个是2018年九月份咸鱼笔者突击雅思整理的笔记，由于笔者国内的学校基本上没有教任何关于语法的知识导致grammar比洋人还差，一般情况下西方学校英文最好最标准的都是大陆or香港仔(笑)
本系列的所有教程均按照浙江教育出版社的 剑桥雅思语法精讲 的顺序来安排的，建议配套？（反正都是自学）
本笔记仅用于个人复习所用，部分内容设计XDF和英孚国际的教程，希望不要找我麻烦啦（跪地求饶）
15:03
他说：“我喜欢你。”—— 直接引语
他说他喜欢你。—— 间接引语
=
直述句
直述句是重复或引用他人说过的每个字。当我们在写作中使用直述句时，会在引用的字句前后标上双引号，并完整引用他人说过的话。我们会转述某人在「此刻」讲的话（例如在讲电话时），或在稍后把先前的对话转告他人。
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She says, "What time will you be home?"
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She said, "What time will you be home?" and I said, "I don't know! "
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"There's a fly in my soup!" screamed Simone.
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John said, "There's an elephant outside the window."
转述句
转述句通常用来谈过去的事，因此我们通常会改变句子的时态。我们会用
say丶tell丶ask 等转述词，并用 that 来引导要转述的话，不加引号。
She said, "I saw him." (直述句) = She said that she had seen him.
(转述句)
「that」可以省略：
She told him that she was happy. = She told him she was happy.
「SAY」和「TELL」
当句中没有受词时，用「say」：
He said that he was tired.
当谈到谁跟谁讲了话，一律用「tell」（即间接受词）：
He told me that he was tired.
「TALK」和「SPEAK」
用这些动词来描述交谈的动作：
He talked to us.
She was speaking on the telephone.
在这些动词后面加「about」来指谈论的事：
He talked (to us) about his parents.
主将从现
在直述句改为转述句时，一般要将直述句的时态往前推
She said, "I am tired." = She said that she was tired.
| 直述句的说法 | 对应的转述句 |
|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | 一般过去时 |
| "I always drink coffee", she said | She said that she always drank coffee. |
| 现在进行时 | 过去进行时 |
| "I am reading a book", he explained. | He explained that he was reading a book |
| 一般过去时 | 过去完成时 |
| "Bill arrived on Saturday", he said. | He said that Bill had arrived on Saturday. |
如果转述动词是现在时，或原陈述句的内容对现在来说依然是如此（或者是已经完成了的），就不必改变时态。例如：
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He says he has missed the train but he'll catch the next one.
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We explained that it is very difficult to find our house.
这些情态助词在转述句并不会改变：might, could, would, should, ought to
-
We explained, "It could be difficult to find our house." = We explained
that it could be difficult to find our house. -
She said, "I might bring a friend to the party." = She said that
she might bring a friend to the party.
=
时间参考
| 直述句的說法 | 對應的轉述句 |
|---|---|
| today | that day |
| "I saw him today", she said. | She said that she had seen him that day. |
| yesterday | the day before |
| "I saw him yesterday", she said. | She said that she had seen him the day before. |
| The day before yesterday | two days before |
| "I met her** the day before yesterday**", he said. | He said that he had met her two days before. |
| Tomorrow | the next/following day |
| "I'll see you tomorrow", he said | He said that he would see me the next day. |
| The day after tomorrow | in two days time/ two days later |
| "We'll come the day after tomorrow", they said. | They said that they would come in two days time/ two days later. |
| Next week/month/year | the following week/month/year |
| "I have an appointment next week", she said. | She said that she had an appointment the following week. |
| Last week/month/year | the previous/week/month/year |
| "I was on holiday last week", he told us. | He told us that he had been on holiday the previous week. |
| ago | before |
| "I saw her a week ago," he said. | He said he had seen her a week before. |
| this (for time) | that |
| "I'm getting a new car this week", she said. | She said she was getting a new car that week. |
| this/that (adjectives) | the |
| "Do you like this shirt?" he asked | He asked if I liked the shirt. |
| here | there |
| He said, "I live here". | He told me he lived there. |
一般來說，人稱代名詞會改為第三人稱單數或複數，但如果說話的人轉述的是自己的話則除外：
I/me/my/mine, you/your/yours = him/his/her/hers
we/us/our/ours, you/your/yours = they/their/theirs
He said: "I like your new car." = He told her that he liked her new car.
I said: "I'm going to my friend's house." = I said that I was going to my
friend's hous
来自
<https://liuxue.ef.com.cn/english-references/english-grammar/changing-time-and-place-references/>
转述问题
转述问题不能带问号！
字词顺序
一般转述疑问句的字词顺序是将主词调到动词前，而且不必再使用 do 或 did：
举例
| 直述句 | 转述句 |
|---|---|
| "Where does Peter live?" | She asked him where Peter lived. |
| "Where are you going?" | She asked where I was going. |
| "Why is she crying?" | He asked why she was crying. |
YES/NO 问句
这类问句会用 ask + if / whether + 子句来转述：
whether——时候，两个中一个
举例
| 直述句 | 转述句 |
|---|---|
| "Do you speak English?" | He asked me if I spoke English. |
| "Are you British or American?" | He asked me whether I was British or American. |
| "Is it raining?" | She asked if it was raining. |
| "Have you got a computer?" | He wanted to know whether I had a computer. |
| "Can you type?" | She asked if I could type. |
| "Did you come by train?" | He enquired whether I had come by train. |
| "Have you been to Bristol before?" | She asked if I had been to Bristol before. |
疑问词
这类问句会用 ask（或其他类似 ask 的动词）+ 疑问词 +
子句来转述。子句含问句的内容，动词要移到最后面，并在必要时改变动词的时态。
举例
| 直述句 | 转述句 |
|---|---|
| "What is your name?" he asked me. | He asked me what my name was. |
| "How old is your mother?", he asked. | He asked how old her mother was. |
| The policman said to the boy, "Where do you live?" | The policeman asked the boy where he lived. |
| "What time does the train arrive?" she asked. | She asked what time the train arrived. |
| "When can we have dinner?" she asked. | She asked when they could have dinner. |
| Peter said to John, "Why are you so late?" | Peter asked John why he was so late. |
来自
<https://liuxue.ef.com.cn/english-references/english-grammar/question-forms-and-reported-speech/>
其他方法
也可以用其他方式来表达转述话语，如according
to（在口语，书面语中很常见），apparently，supposedly，seemingly（在口语中更常见）
转述动词
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过去式+that
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过去式+someone+that
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过去式+to-原型
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过去式+someone+to-原型
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过去式+介词+ing(动词ing变名词)/noun：He complained about the terrible food,
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过去式+someone+介词+ing/noun
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过去式+ing/noun：The doctor denied having financial problems.
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过去式+someone/noun：He offer her a job
