第十单元：动名
我们在之前的课程中已经学到过“一句英语简单句有且只有一个谓语动词”的基本原则，也学到了to do这种“非谓语”形式。 今天我们在巩固to do形式的基础上，再新学一种“动名词”的处理方式。
喜欢做某事
一
自然推理1
从以下问答中寻找“喜欢做某事”的结构：
What does he like to do at weekends?
(weekend /,wi:k’end/ 周末) ① He likes to play football. ② He likes to drink afternoon tea. ③He likes to walk to the company.
隐藏答案
1. like和do都是动词，因此采用like to do的结构。
2. like
为谓语动词，to do为非谓语。
二
自然推理2
从以下问答中寻找“喜欢做某事”的结构：
What does he like doing at weekends? ① He likes playing football. ② He likes drinking afternoon tea. ③He likes walking to the company.
隐藏答案
like doing的结构也能指喜欢“做某事”。
三
知识点
在like doing的结构中，doing术语上称为“动名词”。“动名词”顾名思义就是“动词的名词化”。“动名词”保留了动词的意思，但词性上却变成了名词。 比如，例句中的playing, drinking和walking在意思上和其动词原型无异（踢球、喝茶、走路），但在语法上却成为了名词，使得like doing相当于like sth.，避免了一句简单句出现两个动词的尴尬。
动名词与名词在意思上是不同的。我们之前课程学到过：
build → building
paint → painting
这些词加了-ing后变成了名词（分别是“建筑物”和“油画”的意思）。 事实上，building 和painting也可以是“动名词”，保留其动词的含义（分别是“建造”和“画画”）。试比较：
He likes building walls. (wall /wɔ:l/ 墙)
He likes to build walls.
He likes this building.
此处为名词，“建筑”之意。
She likes painting.
She likes to paint.
She likes paintings.
此处为名词，“油画”之意。
to do / doing VS It
在to do和doing的结构中，由于to和-ing消磨了do原本的动词属性，因此它们有时也可以作为主语出现，意思与It is + to do的结构基本相同。
✔ Sometimes it is not easy to say no. (easy /’i:zi/ 简单的)
✔ To say no is not easysometimes.
✔ Saying no issometimesnot easy.
要注意的是，to do / doing作主语时是为了刻意突出主语，且必须保持简洁，否则会变得“头重脚轻”，违反英语使用习惯。再如：
✔It is my job to teach.
✔To teach is my job.
✔Teaching is my job.
to do VS doing
一
知识点1
It/Sb. is ...的结构中，绝大部分情况下都不用doing。
✔ It is my job to teach. ✘ It is my job teaching. ✔ It is sometimes difficult to say no.
(difficult /’difikəlt/ 困难的)
✘It is sometimes difficult saying no.
✔He is very sad to hear the terriblenews. (terrible /’terəbl/)
✘He is very sad hearing the terriblenews.
二
知识点2
to do的否定是not to do，而不是no to do；而doing的否定用not / no皆可。比如：
✔ No smoking! (smoke /sməuk/ 吸烟；烟)
✘No to smoke!
✘Not to smoke!
✔Teaching is for no teaching.
✔To teach is for not to teach.
✘To teach is for no to teach.
三
知识点3
由于表达习惯，一些动词决定了后面是跟to do还是doing。
to do
和doing皆可，如：
like
love
hate
只能doing，如：
enjoy
dislike (
不喜欢)
it is no use
，比如，It is no use talking to her.
只能to do，如：
use sth. to do sth.使用某物做某事
take sth. to do sth.
取某物去做某事
want to do sth.
想要做某事
四
知识点4
当词法上to do和doing能相互替换时，它们在意思上有一个很细微的差别（在一些语境中这个差异甚至可以忽略不计），那就是to do强调动作，有要去做某事之感；而doing只是一个名词，较为笼统，没有动作感。比如：
1. I like taking the metro to go to
work. (metro /metrəu/ 地铁)
2. I like to take the metro to go to work.
第一句话只是在说喜欢地铁这个上班通勤方式；第二句话意思近似于我选择去坐地铁（而不是其它方式）上班。前者偏静态，后者偏动态。
词法：take乘坐
试比较下列两种表示“乘坐”的表达：
take the metro to go to work
go to work by metro
从中可得出的结论是：
1. take
加的交通工具要注意a/the以及单复数的变化。
2. by
加的交通工具始终为原型再如：
take a plane
take two buses to go to school
实践
将所给动词的正确形式填入空格。
1. She loves ____ (take) the train ____
(travel).
2. It is totally unnecessary ____ (is) angry.
3. He is right ____ (come) here.
4. ____ (speak) frankly is not wrong at all.
5. No ____ (shout) in public!
生词：
1.travel /’trævəl/ 旅行
2.total /’təutəl/
完全的
3.unnecessary
不必要的
4.angry /’æŋgri/
愤怒的
5.right /rait/
正确的
6.frank /fræŋk/
坦率的
7.not ... at all
完全不
8.wrong /rɔŋ/
错误的
9.shout /ʃaut/
喊叫
10.public /’pʌblik/
公共的；公众
隐藏答案
1. She lovestaking
/ to take(take) the trainto travel(travel).
2. It is totally unnecessary
to be(is) angry.
3. He is right
to come(come) here.
4.
Speaking / To speak(speak) frankly is not wrong at all.
5. No
shouting(shout) in public!
