Python 的包管理工具

Pip

Pip 是 Python 的包管理工具，类似于 NPM

可以用 Pip 生成 Python 项目的依赖文件列表 requirements.text，类似于 package.json

可以从官网（PyPI）上查找依赖

安装

• 以下情况无需单独安装 Pip：

  • 从官网下载的 Python 2（版本 >= 2.7.9）或 Python 3 （版本 >= 3.4）

  • 使用 Homebrew 安装的 Python

  • 使用 Virtualenv 创建的虚拟环境

1. 下载 get-pip.py脚本

   • get-pip.py

   • 在命令行中执行：

     <pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="bash" cid="n90" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: "Roboto Mono", "Source Sans Pro", Monaco, courier, monospace !important; font-size: 0.85rem; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; position: relative !important; width: inherit; border: 1px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; line-height: 1.43rem; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; word-wrap: normal; margin: 0.8rem 0px !important; padding: 0.3rem 0px !important; background-position: inherit inherit; background-repeat: inherit inherit;">curl https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py -o get-pip.py</pre>

   • 运行脚本

     <pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="bash" cid="n98" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: "Roboto Mono", "Source Sans Pro", Monaco, courier, monospace !important; font-size: 0.85rem; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; position: relative !important; width: inherit; border: 1px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; line-height: 1.43rem; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; word-wrap: normal; margin: 0.8rem 0px !important; padding: 0.3rem 0px !important; background-position: inherit inherit; background-repeat: inherit inherit;">python get-pip.py</pre>

     • 安装 / 卸载 packages

       <pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="bash" cid="n83" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: "Roboto Mono", "Source Sans Pro", Monaco, courier, monospace !important; font-size: 0.85rem; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; position: relative !important; width: inherit; border: 1px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; line-height: 1.43rem; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; word-wrap: normal; margin: 0.8rem 0px !important; padding: 0.3rem 0px !important; background-position: inherit inherit; background-repeat: inherit inherit;">pip install [package_name]
       pip uninstall [package_name]</pre>

       • 安装 requirements.txt 中的所有依赖

         <pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="shell" cid="n105" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: "Roboto Mono", "Source Sans Pro", Monaco, courier, monospace !important; font-size: 0.85rem; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; position: relative !important; width: inherit; border: 1px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; line-height: 1.43rem; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; word-wrap: normal; margin: 0.8rem 0px !important; padding: 0.3rem 0px !important; background-position: inherit inherit; background-repeat: inherit inherit;">pip install -r requirements.txt</pre>

         • 生成 requirements.txt

           <pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="shell" cid="n112" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: "Roboto Mono", "Source Sans Pro", Monaco, courier, monospace !important; font-size: 0.85rem; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; position: relative !important; width: inherit; border: 1px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; line-height: 1.43rem; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; word-wrap: normal; margin: 0.8rem 0px !important; padding: 0.3rem 0px !important; background-position: inherit inherit; background-repeat: inherit inherit;">pip freeze > requirements.txt</pre>

           • 查看已安装的 packages

             <pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="shell" cid="n119" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: "Roboto Mono", "Source Sans Pro", Monaco, courier, monospace !important; font-size: 0.85rem; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; position: relative !important; width: inherit; border: 1px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; line-height: 1.43rem; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; word-wrap: normal; margin: 0.8rem 0px !important; padding: 0.3rem 0px !important; background-position: inherit inherit; background-repeat: inherit inherit;">pip list</pre>

             1. 使用 Pip 安装

                <pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="shell" cid="n484" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: "Roboto Mono", "Source Sans Pro", Monaco, courier, monospace !important; font-size: 0.85rem; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; position: relative !important; width: inherit; border: 1px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; line-height: 1.43rem; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; word-wrap: normal; margin: 0.8rem 0px !important; padding: 0.3rem 0px !important; background-position: inherit inherit; background-repeat: inherit inherit;">pip install pipenv</pre>

                2. 修改配置文件 .bash_profile

                   <pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="shell" cid="n491" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: "Roboto Mono", "Source Sans Pro", Monaco, courier, monospace !important; font-size: 0.85rem; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; position: relative !important; width: inherit; border: 1px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; line-height: 1.43rem; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; word-wrap: normal; margin: 0.8rem 0px !important; padding: 0.3rem 0px !important; background-position: inherit inherit; background-repeat: inherit inherit;">export PATH="/Users/layla/Library/Python/3.7/bin:$PATH"</pre>

                   • 安装依赖

                     <pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="shell" cid="n511" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: "Roboto Mono", "Source Sans Pro", Monaco, courier, monospace !important; font-size: 0.85rem; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; position: relative !important; width: inherit; border: 1px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; line-height: 1.43rem; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; word-wrap: normal; margin: 0.8rem 0px !important; padding: 0.3rem 0px !important; background-position: inherit inherit; background-repeat: inherit inherit;"># 安装指定依赖
                     pipenv install [package_name]
                     pipenv install [package_name] --dev
                     ​

                     根据 Pipfile 安装依赖

                     pipenv install
                     pipenv install --dev
                     ​

                     根据 Pipfile.lock 安装依赖

                     pipenv install --ignore-pipfile</pre>

                     <pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="shell" cid="n550" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: "Roboto Mono", "Source Sans Pro", Monaco, courier, monospace !important; font-size: 0.85rem; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; position: relative !important; width: inherit; border: 1px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; line-height: 1.43rem; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; word-wrap: normal; margin: 0.8rem 0px !important; padding: 0.3rem 0px !important; background-position: inherit inherit; background-repeat: inherit inherit;">pipenv install -r requirements.txt
                     pipenv install -r dev-requirements.txt --dev</pre>

                     • 卸载依赖

                       <pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="shell" cid="n535" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: "Roboto Mono", "Source Sans Pro", Monaco, courier, monospace !important; font-size: 0.85rem; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; position: relative !important; width: inherit; border: 1px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; line-height: 1.43rem; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; word-wrap: normal; margin: 0.8rem 0px !important; padding: 0.3rem 0px !important; background-position: inherit inherit; background-repeat: inherit inherit;">pipenv uninstall [package_name]
                       pipenv uninstall --all
                       pipenv uninstall --all-dev</pre>

                       * 执行 Python 命令但不进入虚拟环境

                       <pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="shell" cid="n557" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: &quot;Roboto Mono&quot;, &quot;Source Sans Pro&quot;, Monaco, courier, monospace !important; font-size: 0.85rem; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; position: relative !important; width: inherit; border: 1px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; line-height: 1.43rem; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; word-wrap: normal; margin: 0.8rem 0px !important; padding: 0.3rem 0px !important; background-position: inherit inherit; background-repeat: inherit inherit;">pipenv run</pre>
                       

                       * 查询当前项目的虚拟环境

                       <pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="shell" cid="n542" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: &quot;Roboto Mono&quot;, &quot;Source Sans Pro&quot;, Monaco, courier, monospace !important; font-size: 0.85rem; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; position: relative !important; width: inherit; border: 1px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; line-height: 1.43rem; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; word-wrap: normal; margin: 0.8rem 0px !important; padding: 0.3rem 0px !important; background-position: inherit inherit; background-repeat: inherit inherit;">pipenv --venv</pre>
                       
                       *   退出虚拟环境
                       
                           <pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="shell" cid="n669" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: &quot;Roboto Mono&quot;, &quot;Source Sans Pro&quot;, Monaco, courier, monospace !important; font-size: 0.85rem; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; position: relative !important; width: inherit; border: 1px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; line-height: 1.43rem; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; word-wrap: normal; margin: 0.8rem 0px !important; padding: 0.3rem 0px !important; background-position: inherit inherit; background-repeat: inherit inherit;">exit</pre>
                       
                           *   [Python 最佳实践指南 2018 - 2.2\. 安装 Python 3 - Mac OS X](https://learnku.com/docs/python-guide/2018/install3-osx/3250)
                       
                           *   [Python 最佳实践指南 2018 - 3.1\. Pipenv 和 Python 虚拟环境](https://learnku.com/docs/python-guide/2018/virtualenvs/3256)
                       
                           *   [pip 20.0.2 documentation - Installation](https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/installing/)
                       
                               *   [Pipenv: A Guide to the New Python Packaging Tool](https://realpython.com/pipenv-guide/)
                       
                           ## 参考
                       

                       例如：pipenv run python main.py

                     也可以手动安装 requirements.txt 中的依赖：

                     Pipenv 会自动查找项目根目录下是否存在 requirements.txt 文件，并安装其中的依赖。

                   • 创建并进入虚拟环境

                     <pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="shell" cid="n504" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: "Roboto Mono", "Source Sans Pro", Monaco, courier, monospace !important; font-size: 0.85rem; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; position: relative !important; width: inherit; border: 1px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; line-height: 1.43rem; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; word-wrap: normal; margin: 0.8rem 0px !important; padding: 0.3rem 0px !important; background-position: inherit inherit; background-repeat: inherit inherit;">pipenv shell</pre>

                     默认会创建一个和当前目录同名的环境，如果配置了 WORKON_HOME 则该虚拟环境会存放于配置路径下

                   常用命令

             安装

             Pipenv 会自动生成项目的配置文件 Pipfile 和 Pipfile.lock，类似于 package.json 和 package-lock.json

             Pipenv 集成了 Pip 和 Virtual Environment 的功能

             Pipenv

             1. 不方便构建一致的环境

             2. 需要额外的虚拟环境管理工具实现环境隔离

             3. 对多个不同的环境需要维护多个 requirements.txt 文件

             存在的问题

     常用命令