HashMap为什么线程不安全
hash碰撞与扩容导致
一直以来都知道HashMap是线程不安全的,但是到底为什么线程不安全,在多线程操作情况下什么时候线程不安全?
让我们先来了解一下HashMap的底层存储结构,HashMap底层是一个Entry数组,一旦发生Hash冲突的的时候,HashMap采用拉链法解决碰撞冲突,Entry内部的变量:
final Object key;
Object value;
Entry next;
int hash;
通过Entry内部的next变量可以知道使用的是链表,这时候我们可以知道,如果多个线程,在某一时刻同时操作HashMap并执行put操作,而有大于两个key的hash值相同,如图中a1、a2,这个时候需要解决碰撞冲突,而解决冲突的办法上面已经说过,对于链表的结构在这里不再赘述,暂且不讨论是从链表头部插入还是从尾部初入,这个时候两个线程如果恰好都取到了对应位置的头结点e1,而最终的结果可想而知,a1、a2两个数据中势必会有一个会丢失,如图所示:
再来看下put方法
put方法不是同步的,同时调用了addEntry方法:
addEntry方法依然不是同步的,所以导致了线程不安全出现伤处问题,其他类似操作不再说明,源码一看便知,下面主要说一下另一个非常重要的知识点,同样也是HashMap非线程安全的原因,我们知道在HashMap存在扩容的情况,对应的方法为HashMap中的resize方法:
可以看到扩容方法也不是同步的,通过代码我们知道在扩容过程中,会新生成一个新的容量的数组,然后对原数组的所有键值对重新进行计算和写入新的数组,之后指向新生成的数组。
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<figure style="margin: 1.6em 0px 1em; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
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<figure style="margin: 1.6em 0px 1em; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
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<figure style="margin: 1.6em 0px 1em; color: rgb(26, 26, 26); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "Source Han Sans SC", "Noto Sans CJK SC", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
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当多个线程同时检测到总数量超过门限值的时候就会同时调用resize操作,各自生成新的数组并rehash后赋给该map底层的数组table,结果最终只有最后一个线程生成的新数组被赋给table变量,其他线程的均会丢失。而且当某些线程已经完成赋值而其他线程刚开始的时候,就会用已经被赋值的table作为原始数组,这样也会有问题。
//两种方式让hashmap线程安全
1.第一种办法api中已经有指出
如果不存在这样的对象,则应该使用 Collections.synchronizedMap 方法来“包装”该映射。最好在创建时完成这一操作,以防止对映射进行意外的不同步访问,如下所示:
Map m = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap(…));
即使用Collections.synchronizedMap()来返回一个新的map,但是这个返回的是不是hashmap,而是一个map的实现