HashMap详解
HashMap详解篇
HashMap介绍
先看下Map的类结构,可以看到TreeMap是基于树实现的,HashMap,HashTable,ConcurrentHashMap是基于Hash来实现的,而HashTable和HashMap的底层实现基本一致,只不过是HashTable通过synchronized关键字修饰实现了线程安全性,是一个同步容器,而ConcurrentHashMap是一个并发容器,再多线程并发的场景下性能要比HashTable好很多;

HashMap Put分析
HashMap其实就是key-value结构,如下代码:
Map map=new HashMap<String,String>();
map.put("1", "one");
map.put("2", "two");
map.put("3", "three");
map.put("4", "four");
map.put("5", "five");
map.put("6", "six");
我们再来看下HashMap的源码,来看几个重要的要素:
/**
* HashMap底层是使用数组来存储数据节点的,此table变量就是HashMap用于存储的数组
* The table, initialized on first use, and resized as
* necessary. When allocated, length is always a power of two.
* (We also tolerate length zero in some operations to allow
* bootstrapping mechanics that are currently not needed.)
*/
transient Node<K,V>[] table;
/**
* HashMap的逻辑长度
* The number of key-value mappings contained in this map.
*/
transient int size;
/**
* HashMap的修改次数
*/
transient int modCount;
/**
* 默认的负载因子,当HashMap的剩余容量<总容量*DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR时,就触发扩容
*/
static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;
/**
* 用于存储的数据节点
* Basic hash bin node, used for most entries. (See below for
* TreeNode subclass, and in LinkedHashMap for its Entry subclass.)
*/
static class Node<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
final int hash; //每个key的hash值
final K key; //用于存储的key
V value; //用于存储的value
Node<K,V> next; //用于指向下一个节点的内存地址,可用于Hash碰撞时产生单向链表
//Node的构造函数
Node(int hash, K key, V value, Node<K,V> next) {
this.hash = hash;
this.key = key;
this.value = value;
this.next = next;
}
public final K getKey() { return key; }
public final V getValue() { return value; }
public final String toString() { return key + "=" + value; }
public final int hashCode() {
return Objects.hashCode(key) ^ Objects.hashCode(value);
}
public final V setValue(V newValue) {
V oldValue = value;
value = newValue;
return oldValue;
}
public final boolean equals(Object o) {
if (o == this)
return true;
if (o instanceof Map.Entry) {
Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o;
if (Objects.equals(key, e.getKey()) &&
Objects.equals(value, e.getValue()))
return true;
}
return false;
}
}
/**
* HashMap的构造函数一,使用默认的初始化容量16,和默认的负载因子0.75
* Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the default initial capacity
* (16) and the default load factor (0.75).
*/
public HashMap() {
this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR; // all other fields defaulted
}
/**
* HashMap的构造函数二,指定初始化容量
* Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the specified initial
* capacity and the default load factor (0.75).
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative.
*/
public HashMap(int initialCapacity) {
this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
}
/**
* HashMap的构造函数三,指定初始化容量和负载因子
* Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the specified initial
* capacity and load factor.
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity
* @param loadFactor the load factor
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative
* or the load factor is nonpositive
*/
public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
if (initialCapacity < 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal initial capacity: " +
initialCapacity);
if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal load factor: " +
loadFactor);
this.loadFactor = loadFactor;
this.threshold = tableSizeFor(initialCapacity);
}
上面HashMap已经初始化完毕,下面看下HashMap的put方法,我们传入key和value,然后在put
方法内部调用了putVal
方法,而在putVal
方法要传入key的hash值;
/**
* Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map.
* If the map previously contained a mapping for the key, the old
* value is replaced.
*
* @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
* @param value value to be associated with the specified key
* @return the previous value associated with <tt>key</tt>, or
* <tt>null</tt> if there was no mapping for <tt>key</tt>.
* (A <tt>null</tt> return can also indicate that the map
* previously associated <tt>null</tt> with <tt>key</tt>.)
*/
public V put(K key, V value) {
return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true);
}
/**
* 根据key生成hashCode
*/
static final int hash(Object key) {
int h;
return (key == null) ? 0 : (h = key.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16);
}
继续看putVal
方法,会先判断HashMap的容器是否为空,如果为空则触发resize
,接下来又判断是否发生Hash碰撞,如果发生碰撞该如何处理;
需要注意的是:在JDK1.7及以前的版本中,HashMap里是没有红黑树的实现的,在JDK1.8中加入了红黑树是为了防止哈希表碰撞攻击,当链表链长度为8时,及时转成红黑树,提高map的效率;
/**
* Implements Map.put and related methods
*
* @param hash hash for key
* @param key the key
* @param value the value to put
* @param onlyIfAbsent if true, don't change existing value
* @param evict if false, the table is in creation mode.
* @return previous value, or null if none
*/
final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
boolean evict) {
Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i;
//如果table为空,放入第一个元素时会触发resize,生成一个长度为16但是空的Node<K,V>[] table数组
if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
n = (tab = resize()).length;
//这里使用(n - 1) & hash来计算出一个数组下标,代表这个key应该存放在table数组的哪个位置,
//然后根据这个数组下标去数组中查询数据,如果该下标没有数据则new一个Node节点来存放key-value
if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
else {
//如果根据(n - 1) & hash来计算出的数组下标有数据存在,也就是说产生了Hash碰撞
Node<K,V> e; K k;
if (p.hash == hash &&
((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
e = p;
else if (p instanceof TreeNode)
e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
else {
for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
if ((e = p.next) == null) {
//如果产生了Hash碰撞则new一个新的Node节点,并将当前下标对应的Node的nexe指针指向生成的新的Node节点,
//也就是转成了一个单向链表结构
p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
//当binCount>=TREEIFY_THRESHOLD-1时将单向链表转为红黑树treeifyBin,TREEIFY_THRESHOLD默认为8
if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
treeifyBin(tab, hash);
break;
}
if (e.hash == hash &&
((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
break;
p = e;
}
}
if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key
V oldValue = e.value;
if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)
e.value = value;
afterNodeAccess(e);
return oldValue;
}
}
++modCount;
if (++size > threshold)
resize();
afterNodeInsertion(evict);
return null;
}
HashMap数据修改分析
Map<String, Person> persionMap = new HashMap<String, Person>();
persionMap.put("张三", new Person("张三",21));
persionMap.put("李四", new Person("李四",19));
persionMap.put("王五", new Person("张三",25));
persionMap.put("赵六", new Person("张三",26));
persionMap.put("孙七", new Person("张三",32));
执行完以上代码后在内存堆里面结构如下:

在Map中一个Key对应一个Value,如果key已经存在了,那么Map会直接覆盖value值,针对下面这段代码作分析;
Person oldPerson1 = personMap.put("张三", new Person("新张三", 21));
Person oldPerson2 = personMap.put("孙七", new Person("新孙七", 32));
依然需要看putVal方法,在这个方法中,可以看到首先会判断p是否为空,因为传进来的key已经存在,所以这里的p不会为空,如果hash值相等,key也相等,或者equals相等,赋值给e,然后一直往下看if (e != null) { ...}
,在这段代码里可以看到如何将传进来的value值覆盖e节点的value值,如下代码所示:
/**
* Implements Map.put and related methods
*
* @param hash hash for key
* @param key the key
* @param value the value to put
* @param onlyIfAbsent if true, don't change existing value
* @param evict if false, the table is in creation mode.
* @return previous value, or null if none
*/
final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
boolean evict) {
Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i;
//如果table为空,放入第一个元素时会触发resize,生成一个长度为16但是空的Node<K,V>[] table数组
if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
n = (tab = resize()).length;
//这里使用(n - 1) & hash来计算出一个数组下标,代表这个key应该存放在table数组的哪个位置,
//然后根据这个数组下标去数组中查询数据,如果该下标没有数据则new一个Node节点来存放key-value
if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
else {
//如果根据(n - 1) & hash来计算出的数组下标有数据存在,也就是说产生了Hash碰撞
Node<K,V> e; K k;
//如果hash值相等,key也相等,或者equals相等,赋值给e
if (p.hash == hash &&
((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
e = p;
else if (p instanceof TreeNode)
e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
else {
for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
if ((e = p.next) == null) {
//如果产生了Hash碰撞则new一个新的Node节点,并将当前下标对应的Node的nexe指针指向生成的新的Node节点,
//也就是转成了一个单向链表结构
p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
//当binCount>=TREEIFY_THRESHOLD-1时将单向链表转为红黑树treeifyBin,TREEIFY_THRESHOLD默认为8
if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
treeifyBin(tab, hash);
break;
}
if (e.hash == hash &&
((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
break;
p = e;
}
}
//如果Map中存在相同的key
if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key
V oldValue = e.value;//定义一个变量来存旧值
if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)
e.value = value;//用传进来的value将e的value直接覆盖
afterNodeAccess(e);
return oldValue;//返回旧的值
}
}
++modCount;
if (++size > threshold)
resize();
afterNodeInsertion(evict);
return null;
}
HashMap Put数据的过程总结:
- 计算key的hash值,算出元素在底层数组中的下标位置。
- 通过下标位置定位到底层数组里的元素(也有可能是链表也有可能是树)。
- 取到元素,判断放入元素的key是否==或equals当前位置的key,成立则替换value值,返回旧值。
- 如果是树,循环树中的节点,判断放入元素的key是否==或equals节点的key,成立则替换树里的value,并返回旧值,不成立就添加到树里。
- 否则就顺着元素的链表结构循环节点,判断放入元素的key是否==或equals节点的key,成立则替换链表里value,并返回旧值,找不到就添加到链表的最后。
总结:
HashMap的最底层是数组来实现的,数组里的元素可能为null,也有可能是单个对象,还有可能是单向链表或是红黑树。