高数常用公式总结

2021-10-16  本文已影响0人  翻译不了的声响
1. 基础公式

\sin0 = 0\cos0 = 1;

\ln1 = 0\ln e = 1e^0 = 1.

2. 极限

\lim\limits_{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{sin\,x}{x} = 1
\lim\limits_{x \rightarrow \infty}\left(1+ \frac{1}{x}\right)^x = e\lim\limits_ {x \rightarrow 0} (1+x)^ \frac{1}{x} = e ;
\lim\limits_ {x \rightarrow 0} (1+ax)^\frac{b}{x} = e^{ab}\lim\limits_{x \rightarrow \infty} (1+\frac{a}{x})^{bx} = e^{ab}.

\lim\limits_ {x \rightarrow 0} \frac{a}{b} = 0,a是b的高阶无穷小
\lim\limits_ {x \rightarrow 0} \frac{a} {b} = \infty,a是b低价无穷小;
\lim\limits_ {x \rightarrow 0} \frac{a} {b} = 1,a是b等价无穷小;
\lim\limits_ {x \rightarrow 0} \frac{a} {b} = m \neq 1,a是b同价无穷小。

3. 导数

(c)' = 0 \,(c为常数)(x^a)' = ax^{a-1} \,(a为实数);
(a^x)' = a^x\ln a(e^x)' = e^x
(\log x)'= \frac{1}{x\ln a}(\ln x)' = \frac{1}{x}
(\sin x)' = \cos x(\cos x)' = -\sin x
(\tan x)'=\frac{1}{\cos ^2 x}=\sec^2 x(\cot x)'=- \frac{1}{\sin ^2 x}=- \csc ^2 x
(\sec x)' = \sec x \tan x(\csc x)' =- \csc x \cot x
(\arcsin x)'=\frac{1} {\sqrt{1-x^2}}(\arccos x)'=-\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}
(\arctan x)' = \frac{1} {1+x^2}(\arccot x)' = {-\frac{1} {1+ x^2}}.

(cu)' = cu' \,(c为常数)(u \pm v)' = u' \pm v';
(uv)' = u'v + uv'\left(\frac{u}{v}\right)' = \frac{u'v - uv'}{v^2} \,(v\neq0).

\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{dy}{du}·\frac{du}{dx} = f'(u)·g'(x)

4. 微分

d(c) = 0 \,(c为常数)d(x^a) = ax^{a-1}dx \,(a为实数);
d(a^x) = a^x\ln a dxd(e^x) = e^xdx
d(\log_x) = \frac{1} {x\ln a}dxd(\ln x)= \frac{1}{x}dx
d(\sin x) = \cos xdxd(\cos x) = -\sin x dx
d(\tan x) =\frac{1} {\cos ^2 x}dx =\sec^2 xdxd(\cot x) =- \frac{1} {\sin ^2 x}dx=- \csc ^2 x dx
d(\sec x) = \sec x \tan x dxd(\csc x) =- \csc x \cot xdx
d(\arcsin x) =\frac{1} {\sqrt{1-x^2}}dxd(\arccos x)={-\frac{1} {\sqrt{1-x^2}}}dx
d(\arctan x) = \frac{1} {1+x^2}dxd(\arccot x) = {-\frac {1} {1+x^2}}dx.

d(cu) = cdu \,(c为常数),d(u \pm v) = du \pm dv,
d(uv) = vdu + udv, d\left(\frac{u}{v}\right) = \frac{vdu - udv} {v^2} \,(v\neq0).

dy=y'_udu = y'_xdx

5. 洛必达法则

\lim\limits_{x \rightarrow x_0} \frac {f(x)} {F(x)} = \lim\limits_{x \rightarrow x_0} \frac {f'(x)} {F'(x)}= \frac {f'(x_0)} {F'(x_0)},(其中 \frac {f(x)} {F(x)} = \frac {0} {0} 或 \frac {\infty} {\infty})

6.切线方程

k=f'(x_0), k_{切}·k_{法} =-1;

y-y_0 = k(x-x_0)k为斜率,(x_0,y_0)为切点

ax^2+bx+c=0, x=\frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}

y-f(x_0) =f'(x_0)(x-x_0)

y-f(x_0) =- \frac {1}{f'(x_0)}(x-x_0)

7. 不定积分

\int {0}·dx = C, \int{k} dx = kx + C, \int {x^n} dx = \frac{1}{n+1} x^{n+1} + C(n\neq-1) ,\int {\frac{1}{x}dx} = \ln |x|+C , \int {a^x}dx = \frac{1}{\ln a}a^x +C, \int {e^x}dx = e^x +C, \int {\sin x}dx = -\cos x+C, \int {\cos x}dx = \sin x+ C, \int {\frac{1}{\cos ^2 x}}dx = \tan x+C, \int {\frac{1}{\sin ^2 x}}dx = -\cot x+C, \int {\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}}dx = \arcsin x+C,\int {\frac{1} {1+x^2}}dx = \arctan x+ C .

\int uv'dx = uv- \int u'vdx

8. 定积分

\int _{a}^{b}f(x)dx = F(x) | _{a}^{b} = F(b)-F(a)

\int _{a}^{b}uv'dx = uv | _{a}^{b} - \int _{a}^{b} u'vdx

9. 变上限积分

y= F(x) = \int _{a}^{x}f(t)dt, F'(x) = f(x)

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