Android消息机制

2019-03-31  本文已影响0人  dotdotdotdotbar

Android的消息机制主要指Handler的运行机制,因此这里就从Handler的基本使用开始说起吧。

Handler使用示例

在一个指定的线程中使用Handler方式如下:

new Thread() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                super.run();
                Looper.prepare();
                mHandlerThr = new Handler() {
                    @Override
                    public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
                        super.handleMessage(msg);
                        Log.d(TAG, ">>>>>>>>>>>>>Child# mHandler--handleMessage--msg.what: " + msg.what);
                        //接收发送到子线程的消息,然后向UI线程中的Handler发送msg 0。
                        mHandler.sendEmptyMessage(0);
                    }
                };

                Log.d(TAG, ">>>>>>>>>>>>>Child# begin start send msg!!!");
                //Activity中启动Thread,在Thread结束前发送msg 0到UI Thread。
                mHandler.sendEmptyMessage(0);

                Looper.loop(); //不能在这个后面添加代码,程序是无法运行到这行之后的。
            }
        }.start();

其中mHandler时在MainActivity中声明的:

private Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
        @Override
        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
            super.handleMessage(msg);
            Log.d(TAG, ">>>>>>>>>>>>>UI# mHandler--handleMessage--msg.what: " + msg.what);
            //接收发送到UI线程的消息,然后向线程中的Handler发送msg 1。
            mHandlerThr.sendEmptyMessage(1);
            mCount++;
            if (mCount >= 3) {
                //由于mHandlerThr是在Child Thread创建,Looper手动死循环阻塞,所以需要quit。
                mHandlerThr.getLooper().quit();
            }
        }
    };

以上的例子展示了如何在子线程中启动Handler,并与主线程中的Handler通信。其中,子线程中创建新的handler之前,需要先调用如下代码

Looper.prepare();

接着再创建Handler:

mHandlerThr = new Handler() {
                    @Override
                    public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
                        super.handleMessage(msg);
                        Log.d(TAG, ">>>>>>>>>>>>>Child# mHandler--handleMessage--msg.what: " + msg.what);
                        //接收发送到子线程的消息,然后向UI线程中的Handler发送msg 0。
                        mHandler.sendEmptyMessage(0);
                    }
                };

最终,需要调用

Looper.loop();

启动Looper,检测消息并进行处理。

Handler消息机制基本原理

首先,了解一下Handler运行的基本流程。
Handler运行时,主要依赖Looper以及MessageQueue来运行。其基本流程如下图所示:


image.png

首先,调用Handler的post方法,或者sendMessage方法,在经过一系列的调用之后,最终都是调用MessageQueue的enqueueMessage方法将消息插入消息队列中。接着,Looper循环从消息队列中取出消息对象。最后调用相应的回调。

消息入队

接着,了解一下消息怎么插入消息队列并且如何获取下一个消息队列的。
先看下Hanlder中最终被调用的方法:

    public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
        MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
        if (queue == null) {
            RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                    this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
            Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
            return false;
        }
        return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
    }

可以看出来这里调用了enqueueMessag,所以接下来看看这个方法吧。

    private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
        msg.target = this;
        if (mAsynchronous) {
            msg.setAsynchronous(true);
        }
        return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
    }

这个方法里主要做了两件事:

  1. 把当前的Handler对象赋给了Message对象的target属性
  2. 调用MessageQueue的enqueueMessage方法
    接下去看看MessageQueue的enqueueMessage方法:
    boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
        if (msg.target == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
        }
        if (msg.isInUse()) {
            throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
        }

        synchronized (this) {
            if (mQuitting) {
                IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
                        msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
                Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
                msg.recycle();
                return false;
            }

            msg.markInUse();
            msg.when = when;
            Message p = mMessages;
            boolean needWake;
            if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
                // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
                msg.next = p;
                mMessages = msg;
                needWake = mBlocked;
            } else {
                // Inserted within the middle of the queue.  Usually we don't have to wake
                // up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
                // and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
                needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
                Message prev;
                for (;;) {
                    prev = p;
                    p = p.next;
                    if (p == null || when < p.when) {
                        break;
                    }
                    if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
                        needWake = false;
                    }
                }
                msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
                prev.next = msg;
            }

            // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
            if (needWake) {
                nativeWake(mPtr);
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

Message对象是一个单链表,这个函数里主要就是在这个链表中根据when字段找到合适的位置插入,以保证消息队列中的元素都是按照时间排好序的。

读取消息

消息的读取时在Looper的loop方法中执行的,代码如下:

public static void loop() {
        final Looper me = myLooper();
        if (me == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
        }
        final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;

        // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
        // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
        Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();

        for (;;) {
            Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
            if (msg == null) {
                // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
                return;
            }

            // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
            final Printer logging = me.mLogging;
            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
                        msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
            }

            final long slowDispatchThresholdMs = me.mSlowDispatchThresholdMs;

            final long traceTag = me.mTraceTag;
            if (traceTag != 0 && Trace.isTagEnabled(traceTag)) {
                Trace.traceBegin(traceTag, msg.target.getTraceName(msg));
            }
            final long start = (slowDispatchThresholdMs == 0) ? 0 : SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
            final long end;
            try {
                msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
                end = (slowDispatchThresholdMs == 0) ? 0 : SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
            } finally {
                if (traceTag != 0) {
                    Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);
                }
            }
            if (slowDispatchThresholdMs > 0) {
                final long time = end - start;
                if (time > slowDispatchThresholdMs) {
                    Slog.w(TAG, "Dispatch took " + time + "ms on "
                            + Thread.currentThread().getName() + ", h=" +
                            msg.target + " cb=" + msg.callback + " msg=" + msg.what);
                }
            }

            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
            }

            // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
            // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
            final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
            if (ident != newIdent) {
                Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
                        + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
                        + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
            }

            msg.recycleUnchecked();
        }
    }

这个方法开头通过myLooper(),这个暂时不管,先看看消息获取及分发流程。
通过MessageQueue的next方法获取当前需要处理的消息,然后调用Message对象中的target属性的dispatchMessage方法分发消息,这个target就是刚刚的handler对象。
因此具体的分发逻辑还得回到Handler中:

    public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
        if (msg.callback != null) {
            handleCallback(msg);
        } else {
            if (mCallback != null) {
                if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                    return;
                }
            }
            handleMessage(msg);
        }
    }

这里邮箱调用Message对象中的回调。接着是handler中的mCallback,这是创建Handler对象时,传给构造函数的回调。如果mCallback也不存在,就调用handleMessage方法了,这就是开头例子中的使用方式了。

ThreadLocal

从子线程中Handler的使用方法可以看到,需要先调用一个Looper.prepare()方法,才能创建成功创建Handler,否则无法成功创建。
prepare方法源码如下:

public static void prepare() {
        prepare(true);
    }

    private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
        if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
        }
        sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
    }

还有,在Looper.loop()方法中,先通过myLooper方法获取了一个looper对象,其源码如下:

    public static @Nullable Looper myLooper() {
        return sThreadLocal.get();
    }

这里都使用了ThreadLocal对象,那为什么要用ThreadLocal呢?这要从Handler的使用场景说起了。
Handler主要用于延时任务或者开启一个异步任务,在开启异步任务时,肯定是需要将Handler与一个线程绑定起来,而Looper运行在这个线程中,并且读取消息、分发消息的逻辑都在Looper中,即Handler的实现逻辑都在Looper中,因此就需要使用ThreadLocal将Looper与当前线程绑定。
那ThreadLocal怎么实现的呢?
其实每个Thread对象中都存在一个ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap对象threadLocals,ThreadLocal通过读取及设置threadLocals来实现

    public void set(T value) {
        Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
        ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
        if (map != null)
            map.set(this, value);
        else
            createMap(t, value);
    }
    ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) {
        return t.threadLocals;
    }
    public T get() {
        Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
        ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
        if (map != null) {
            ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
            if (e != null) {
                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                T result = (T)e.value;
                return result;
            }
        }
        return setInitialValue();
    }
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