欢喜认画|保罗·乌切洛《圣罗马诺之战》
保罗·乌切洛(Paolo Uccello,1397-1475年),15世纪最具个性的画家之一,意大利文艺复兴早期世俗画画家,曾师从马萨乔。
他将装饰性的晚期哥特式风格和早期文艺复兴风格以独特的方式调和在作品中,令画作具有超凡魅力和装饰巅峰。
在建立新的透视及渲染方式上开启了新路,直线透视法使战争场景中充满力量和惨烈感,为文艺复兴时期绘画在透视理论上的发展和实践作出了很大的贡献。
首次在理性层面上,研究总结出“焦点透视法”,使二维空间艺术在视觉上趋于科学性。
一生只为热爱倾尽心血做到极致。
——欢喜编写
乌切洛名作《圣罗马诺之战》(英语:Battle of San Romano,意大利语:Battaglia di San Romano)为三幅组画,c.1450,182 x 323 cm,木板蛋彩画,三个场景分别是:《尼科洛·达·托伦蒂诺率领佛罗伦萨军队》,伦敦,国家美术馆;《贝纳迪诺·德拉·恰尔达被杀下马》,佛罗伦萨,乌菲兹美术馆; 《米凯莱托·达·科蒂诺拉的反攻》,巴黎,卢浮宫。乌菲兹美术馆的藏品是仅有的有艺术家签名的一幅。
画面讲述的是1432年的圣罗马诺战役中佛罗伦萨军队击败锡耶纳军队的战事,战役历经8个小时,画家“以一种非现实的方式来表现紧凑与张力、失衡与均匀的视觉空间感”。这是最早呈现于画作的战争史诗片,也是早期意大利文艺复兴绘画线条透视画作的典范。
三幅画 局部1424年,当马萨乔在佛罗伦萨新圣母大殿绘制那幅《圣三位一体》湿壁画的时候,他可能并未察觉长久伫立在他身后目瞪口呆、目光灼热的一位同行。这个人就是保罗·乌切洛,一个在马萨乔年轻早亡后,将画面中的透视关系钻研到极致的怪才。
25年过去了,乌切洛一直深陷对透视的研究中不能自拔,走火入魔地研究并热衷于在画中展示他对透视的掌握,而这组画正是画家实验其画技的试验田。
Bernardino della Ciarda Thrown off his HorseUCCELLO, Paolo
Bernardino della Ciarda Thrown off his Horse
1450s
Tempera on wood, 182 x 323 cm
Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence
This is the central panel of the three paintings representing the battle won by Florence against Siena allied with Visconti, the ruling family of Milan. It took place on June 1st 1432 in San Romano, half way between Florence and Pisa. The picture shows the conclusive combat between the captains of the two armies: Niccolò da Tolentino unseating Bernardino della Ciarda.
这是三幅画的中央一幅, 图为两军将领之间的决战:骑着白马的佛罗伦萨军队司令尼科洛·达·托伦蒂诺(Niccolò da Tolentino)将贝纳迪诺·德拉·恰尔达(Bernardino della Ciarda)打下马。
乌切洛动用了他神奇的故事讲述能力以及戏剧化描述战场中的人仰马翻,长长的白色和红色长矛以及在地面上翻滚的马匹,碎茅、甚至穿着盔胄的尸体以及骑士之间的横冲直撞,画家通过使用虚幻的色彩和光线来构建着写实的空间,支撑起一个关于恢弘战事的战争大片。
Bernardino della Ciarda Thrown off his Horse (detail) Bernardino della Ciarda Thrown off his Horse (detail) Niccolò da Tolentino Leads the Florentine TroopsParticularly lovely are the background landscapes, especially in the Florence panel, with scenes of grape harvesting and hunting rediscovered after the 1954 cleaning.
UCCELLO, Paolo
Niccolò da Tolentino Leads the Florentine Troops
1450s
Tempera on wood, 182 x 320 cm
National Gallery, London
In all three the battle scene is interpreted in terms of a chaotic melee of horsemen, lances and horses in a desperate struggle, portrayed through an endless series of superimposed and intersecting perspective planes. As in the stories from the life of Noah in Santa Maria Novella, here too the movement which should animate the scenes appears to be frozen, as it were, by the isolation of the individual details, all realistically portrayed. See, for instance, the elaborate heavy armour, the leather saddles, the gilded studs, the horses' shiny coats, and of course the splendid "mazzocchi', the huge multifaceted headgear that Uccello often included in his pictyres due to the specific difficulty of painting it in proper perspective.
构图以骑着白马正在指挥士兵们战斗的佛罗伦萨军队司令尼科洛·达·托伦蒂诺为中心,前景是交战双方,被持矛的队伍,地上横七竖八丢弃的武器盔甲所衬托。背景经过几何式的抽象处理和透视安排,以及零零落落的正在战斗的士兵,实现了扩大空间的效果。身后骑在马上的年轻旗手拿着飘扬的军旗,也占有了一定的视线,显现着战队的士气。在画的底部,那些散落的折断的武器,战士尸体、盔甲等说明着战事的惨烈。画面的右侧也有几个正在激烈战斗的骑士平衡着画面。
色彩上大面积的黑暗背景是骑手周边众多的形态各异全身装备盔甲的士兵,混杂的骑兵、骑枪和马匹在拼死搏斗的混乱中混战,他们手里的长枪,长茅、长长的号角交错的鳞次栉比,明晃晃的色彩预示着拼杀的激烈。而最戏剧性引人注目的是长矛号角构成的缝隙中惊现着隐藏于栩栩如生的树叶里的色彩华丽的橘子。
Niccolò da Tolentino Leads the Florentine Troops (detail) Niccolò da Tolentino Leads the Florentine Troops (detail) Micheletto da Cotignola Engages in BattleMicheletto da Cotignola Engages in Battle (detail)UCCELLO, Paolo
Micheletto da Cotignola Engages in Battle
1450s
Tempera on wood, 180 x 316 cm
Musée du Louvre, Paris
In the Louvre panel there is a formal subtext created by strong decorative elements, such as the tights of contrasting colours worm by the soldiers on the left, or the arrangement of the lances, which form a series of patterns and movements that echo the horses and their riders. As could be expected, foreshortening and perspective are devices favoured by the artist. The landscape has been sacrificed to the figural action.
三部作品中,都是通过一系列无休止的叠加和相交的透视平面来描绘战斗场景的,画中人物和环境道具的复杂透视关系处理,使场景充满活力的动态。而那些精心制作的重型盔甲、皮革马鞍、镀金饰钉、马的闪亮外套以及乌切洛独有的巨大的华丽的“mazzocchi”多面头饰,都被以适当的视角写真描绘,栩栩如生。
也因为技术有限,画作当时的镀银已被严重氧化,影响了对画作的观瞻。
从画面效果看,由于画家重心从研究透视关系出发,战斗本身情节的故事性是被忽视的,人物形象刻板、生硬缺乏生活气息因而欠缺形象的生动性、真实感。
但画家引进透视科学塑造艺术形象,呈现出直线透视法领域的突出成就,乌切洛的作品对后世画家透视画法奠定着坚实的基础,意义深远。
有些事情之所有伟大且有意义,是因为它为后人铺垫了坚实的路基。
National Gallery, London Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence Musée du Louvre, Paris2022/09/19
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