语法基础3第八节(2)——细说状语从句
一、 状语从句
1、 状语从句的构成
句式 1：引导词（连词）+状语从句+“，”+主句
句式 2：主句+引导词（连词）+状语从句
两个句式可以对调：
When I was young, I’d listen to the radio.
I’d listen to the radio when I was young.
2、状语从句引导词
状语从句的引导词是按照引导词本身的意思分的类，一共分为九类： 时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、方式和比较。
3、状语从句时态
1 ）当主句谓语为过去时，从句谓语使用相应的过去时态。
When I entered the home, my husband had finished his meal. 我进屋时，我的丈夫已经吃完饭了。
2 ）当主句谓语为将来时，从句谓语使用一般现在时，用“现在”表示“将来”。（换句话说：状语从句中，当主句和从句的动作都未发生时，主句使用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表示将来。简称“主将从现”。）
If he accepts the offer, he’ll be going abroad. 如果他接受那个工作，他就要到国外去了。
二、九大状语从句
1、原因状语从句
常用引导词（连词）：because，since，as，for 等。
特殊引导词：in that，considering that，given that, seeing that，now that 等。
注意咱们前面学习的表示原因的介词，它们后面只能跟名词（短语），不能跟从句： because ,of，due to，for the sake of, owing to，thanks to，as a result of 等。
举例：
① 由于外面声音嘈杂我睡不着。
【翻译】 I can't get to sleep because it's noisy outside.或 I can't get to sleep because of the noise outside.
② 既然外面在下雨，那我们最好待在家里。
【翻译】Since it's raining outside, we'd better stay at home.或 As a result of the rain, we'd better stay at home.
2、让步状语从句
常用引导词（连词）：although，though；even if，even though，as，while 等。
特殊引导词：no matter...（无论......），in spite of the fact that （虽然，尽管），whatever，whoever，wherever，whenever，however，whichever 等。
① 虽然他已经精疲力竭了，但他仍然继续工作。
【翻译】 Although/Though he was exhausted, he still kept on working.
② 不管你是谁，你都需要遵纪守法。
【翻译】No matter who/Whoever you are, you must keep the law.
小试牛刀
① 刘老师坚持上课（加让步状语）。
【拓展句】Although in poor health, Mr Liu continued to give lectures. 虽然身体不好，刘老师坚持上课
② 上网会影响青少年的工作和学习。
【拓展句】Surfing on the internet exerts great influence on the study and work of teenagers and youngsters, although it definitely makes our daily life more convenient. 上网会影响青少年的工作和学习，虽然它的确使我们的生活变得更方便
小结：让步状语可以写在作文中任何一句话的旁边，对这句话的意思进行弱转折。
举例： Playing basketball makes me healthier and more active. 打篮球让我变得更健康更积极。
【拓展句】Playing basketball makes me healthier and more active although it takes some time. 打篮球让我变得更健康更积极，尽管会占用一些时间。
3、条件状语从句
常用引导词（连词） ：if，unless （除非），as/so long as （只要），only if （只要），等。
特殊引导词 ：providing/provided that （假如），supposing (that) （假如），in case that （以防），on condition that （如果）等。
① 如果你不早点动身，你就不能及时赶到那儿。（主将从现）
【翻译】You will fail to arrive there in time unless you start earlier.
② 我可以告诉你真相，条件是你答应保密。
【翻译】 I can tell you the truth on condition that you promise to keep a secret.
4、比较状语从句
常用引导词（连词）：as，than 。
特殊引导词：the more... the more...，more than，more... than...，not so much... as...等。
① Nowadays people live longer than (people lived/did) in the past.（主谓一致省略）
【翻译】 如今人的寿命要比之前的人长。
② Mrs Liu did not care as much about students' grades as (she cared) about students' efforts.（主谓一致省略）
【翻译】刘老师更关注同学们的努力而不是他们的成绩。
1 ）the more... the more... 越......，越......
①你爬得越高，就看得越远。
【翻译】 The higher one climbs, the farther he will see.
②用脑越多，思维越活跃。
【翻译】The more you use your brain, the more active your mind will be.
③政府越快地采取措施，这个问题越能得到有效地解决。
【翻译】 The faster authorities take measures, the more effectively the issue will be handled.
注意：形容词或副词的选择问题
如果分句的谓语是实义动词，就要用副词来修饰，如果分句的谓语是系动词，就用形容词。
The happier you are, the luckier you will be.
The more happily you live, the luckier you will be.
the more... the more... 句型，在满足一定条件下可以将句子的主语和动词省略。
The sooner，the better. 越快越好。
The more， the merrier. 人越多越热闹。
2 ）more than 的用法
① 后跟名词（短语），译为“不仅仅是”。
Dayan is more than a teacher, she is a writer, too.
【翻译】大雁不仅仅是一个老师，她还是一个作家。
② 后跟动词 ，同后跟名词，翻译成“不仅仅是”。
They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.
【翻译】他们可能教得很好，并且不仅仅是为了挣钱，但是他们中的大多数人很少或者从来没有独立地思考过涉及道德判断的人类问题。
③ 后跟形容词或副词，译为“非常”。
In doing scientific experiments, one must be more than careful with the instruments.
【翻译】做实验时必须非常认真使用实验器材。
④ 后跟数词，译为“多于，超过，比......多”。
More than 70 percent of the surface of our planet is covered by water.
【翻译】我们的星球 70%的表面被水覆盖。
3 ）not so much A as B 与其说 A，倒不如说 B
① The Pursuit of Happiness is not so much a movie as chicken soup for the soul.
【翻译】《当幸福来敲门》与其说是一部电影，不如说它是心灵鸡汤。
② Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.
【翻译】他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。
4 ）more A than B 与其说 B，不如说 A
He is more clever than funny. 与其说他有趣，还不如说他聪明。
The actress looks more cute than beautiful. 这个女演员与其说漂亮不如说可爱。
5 ）A is to B what/as C is to D.
A 对于 B 就如同 C 对于 D
① Air is to us what/as water is to fish. 空气对于我们犹如水对于鱼一样重要。
② Railway is to a country what blood vessel is to a man's body. 铁路对于国家好比血管对于人体一样。
试着仿写句子：
Interests are to Teenagers and youngsters as perfume is to flowers. 兴趣对于年轻人来说，就像芬芳对于花儿一样。
6）not so much as = not even 甚至不 / 没有
① He can not so much as spell this simple word. 他甚至连这么简单的单词也不会拼。
② He has not so much as money for instant noodles. 他连吃泡面的钱都没有。
7 ）as... as... 和...... 一样......
① 体育很重要。
【拓展句】Physics is as important as mathematics (is).
② 大雁长得很美。
【拓展句】 Liu is as beautiful as a white lily which symbolizes purity.
③ 污染很严重。
【拓展句】 Pollution becomes as serious as earthquakes, which have threatened our existence or even taken people's lives away.
④ 我妈妈很善良
【拓展句】My mother is as kind as an angel, who treats every one with sympathy. 我的母亲就像天使一样善良，用怜悯之心对待每个人。
5、目的状语从句
常用引导词（连词）：so that，in order that 。
常见的动词不定式也可以表示目的： to ，in order to ，so as to ，后跟动词原形。
① 为了能赶上早班车，我很早就起床了。
I get up early in order that I can catch the early bus.或 I get up early in order to catch the early bus.
②为了能有一个更美好的未来，我决定参加考研生考试。
I make a decision to take part in the examination of postgraduate so that I could have a more brilliant future. 或 I make a decision to take part in the examination of postgraduate in order to have a more brilliant future.
注意：使用 in order to 表示目的一定要保持前后主语一致，主语不一致时只能用 in order , that或 so that，
We do the cleaning every day so that our classroom will be more beautiful.
6、方式状语从句
只要一个单词翻译成“好像、似乎”，都是方式状语从句。
常用引导词（连词） ：as ，as if，as though （好像，似乎）。
特殊引导词： the way （方式）等。
介词（短语）也表示方式 ：in... way，in... manner（以 ......的方式），by，through，等。
① 我们必须按老师说的步骤做实验｡
We must do the experiment as the teacher tells us (to do).
② 通过一种冷静的、客观的方式，他破解了这个密码。
The password was decoded by him in a dispassionate and objective manner.
③ 童年的一幕幕呈现在我的脑海，仿佛就是刚刚发生的事一样。
Everything in my childhood appeared in my mind as if/as though they had just happened .
④ 他是一个快活的人，似乎没有任何忧愁烦恼。
He is a happy man as if/as though he had no worries and cares in the world.
⑤请像我这样读这个单词。
Please pronounce the word the way I do.
7、结果状语从句
常见引导词（连词） ：so... that ，such... that ，so that 等。
特殊引导词： to the degree that ，to the extent that ，to such a degree that 等。
so... that 和 such... that，so that 的区别：
1 ）so... that 的用法
① so + 形容词 / 副词 + that
The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward. 风刮得如此猛烈，以致我们几乎是寸步难行。
He had so little education that he was unfit for this job. 他所受教育很少,不适合做这个工作。
②so + few / little/many/much+名词+ that
He made so many mistakes that he faild the exam. 他出了那么多错，所以他未通过考试。
There is so little money in his pocket that he has decided to leave her. 他口袋里的钱如此少，以至于他决定离开她。
③ so + 形容词+a/an+可数名词单数+ that
It was so good a movie that I went to see it several times. 这个电影太好看了，我去看了好几次。
He was so busy a man at that time that he didn’t go to sleep for three days. 他那时是一个如此忙碌的人，以至于一连三天都没睡觉。
2 ）such... that 的用法
① such + a/an + 形容词 + 可数名词单数 +that
Dayan is such a nice teacher that we all respect her. 大雁是非常好的老师， 我们都很尊敬她。
He is such a person that all friends have left him. 他是这样一个人，以至于所有的朋友都离他而去。
② such + 形容词 + 可数名词复数/不可数名词 +that
They are such strong athletes that they will win definitely in the competition. 他们是如此强大的运动员，他们肯定会在比赛中获胜。
It is such bad weather that we all stay at home. 天气不好我们只能待在家里。
小结：
① so that 的用法：
既可以引导目的状语从句，也可以引导结果状语从句。
引导目的状语从句时，会和情态动词连用；
引导结果状语从句时，则不和情态动词连用。
② 作文中只要出现形容词或副词的地方，都可以考虑写成 so...that 。so...that可以写成倒装，是满分句型。
举例：
① She runs so quickly that crazy dogs fail to catch up with her. 她跑的如此快以致于疯狗都追不上她。
② I fell so delighted that I cannot help singing and jumping. 我很开心以致于我情不自禁又唱又跳。
③ I take exercise every day so that I can lose weight. 我天天锻炼是为了减肥。
④ It was very cold outside, so that the river froze. 天气寒冷，河水都结冰了。
8、时间状语从句
常见的引导词（连词）：
when
as（一边......一边....../ 随着......）
while （在 ......期间）
once （一旦）
as soon as （一......就......）
before （在......之前）
after （在......之后）
since （自从......以来）
not...until （直到......才）
until/till （直到......时）等。
1) 引导词
特殊引导词：
the moment （一 ...... 就）
every time （每 当）
the instant （当......的时候）
immediately
directly
no sooner... than
hardly... when
scarcely... when（这 五个意思相同，都译为“一......就”）。
2) 区别 when ，while 和 as
① when 引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性动词，也可以是瞬间动词， 通常翻译成“当......时”。
I was out when you called me.
你给我打电话的时候我正好在外面 。（瞬间动词）
② while 引导的从句的谓语动词必须是延续性动词， 并且基本上都是进行时态；
While my husband was playing computer games, I was doing housework. 当我丈夫玩游戏时，我正在做家务。
Some people believe smoking is harmful to health, while others consider smoking is helpful for reducing working pressure. 有些人认为吸烟有害健康，而另一些人则认为吸烟有助于减轻工作压力。
③ as 引导的从句的谓语动词是延续性动词，通常表达的意思是“一边......一边......”，一般用于主句 和从句动作同时发生的情况； as 也可翻译为“随着......”。
He jumps as he goes along. 他边走边跳。
As you grow older, you will know better about yourself。 随着年龄的增长，你会越来越了解你自己。
3）no sooner...than 和 hardly...when 作引导词的用法
a. 含义: 表示 " 一......就 ...... " 。
b. 时态: 主句用过去完成时 , 从句用一般过去时 。
① Tiechui had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 铁锤刚一到家 , 老板又要他出另一次差。
② Dayan had hardly had time to sit and have a rest when the phone rang again. 大雁刚想坐下来休息一会儿 , 电话又响了。
c. 高级用法:
no sooner...than 和 hardly...when 引导时间状语从句时可以使用倒装句式 , 因此上述句子可改成:
① No sooner had Tiechui arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey.
② Hardly had Dayan had time to sit and have a rest when the phone rang again.
4 ）when 引导时间状语从句的特殊用法
when 引导时间状语从句 , 如果从句和主句的主语一致 , 并且从句的谓语中有 be 动词 , 那么从句的主语和 be 动词可以一起省略。
When I was a young girl, I would often listen to songs sung by Jeff zhang .
When a young girl, I would often listen to songs sung by Jeff zhang .（主语和谓语一致可省略）
当我还是小女孩时，我喜欢听张信哲的歌。
5 ）区分 until 和 not... until
not until/until 两者皆可接延续性动词和暂短性动词.
a. not...until 翻译为 "直到 ......才”, 比如:
I did not go home until my mother called me. 我直到妈妈打电话给我才回家。
not until/until 两者皆可接延续性动词和暂短性动词.
b. 当 not until 位于句首时 , 也就是否定词放在句首，主句要倒装 。
其结构为: Not until+从句/表 时间的词+助动词+ ( 主句 ) 主语+谓语 。
Not until the teacher came in did the students stop talking. 直到老师进来学生们才停止讲话。
Not until next week will the sports meeting be held. 直到下周才开运动会。
not until/until 两者皆可接延续性动词和暂短性动词.
c. not until 的强调结构为:
It is/was not until+从句/表时间的词+that+... , 上面两句改为强调句
It was not until the teacher came in that the students stopped talking.
It is not until next week that the sports meeting will be held.
until 指“直到”
Go alone the street until you see the traffic light. 往前走,直到你看见交通灯.
小试牛刀
直到我开始工作，我才认识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月。
【翻译】 I did not realize how much time I had wasted until I began to work.
直到宋刚自杀，李光头才又记起了和他的兄弟情义。
【 翻 译 】 It was not until Song Gang committed suicide that Li Bald headed remembered his brotherly friendship with him.
9、地点状语从句
常用引导词（连词） ：where。
特殊引导词： wherever ，anywhere ，everywhere 等。
① 这种植物在潮湿的地方生长的很好。
This kind of plant grows well in a moist place. (介词短语做状语）
This kind of plant grows well where it is moist . (从句做状语）
② 有志者事竟成。
Where there's a will, there's a way.（从句做状语）
There's a way with a will. (介词短语做状语）
where 既可以引导地点状语从句，也可以引导定语从句，区分这两种句子, 关键是看 where是否指代的先行词; 如果 where 指代前面的先行词, 引导的从句就是定语从句, 否则就是地点状语从句。
③ Keep your phone where you can see it.
把手机放在你看得见的地方。【地点状语从句】
④ The bookstore where I bought this magazine is not far from here.
我买这本杂志的书店离这里不远。【定语从句】
