iOS进阶面试好文

10-内存管理中NSTimer常见问题

2020-06-21  本文已影响0人  光强_上海

我们在平时的项目开发过程中,经常会使用到NSTimer来创建定时器,但是在使用过程中有时我们又会遇到以下几个问题:

我们先来了解下iOS中NSTimer常用的API有哪些:

+ (NSTimer *)timerWithTimeInterval:(NSTimeInterval)ti invocation:(NSInvocation *)invocation repeats:(BOOL)yesOrNo;
+ (NSTimer *)scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:(NSTimeInterval)ti invocation:(NSInvocation *)invocation repeats:(BOOL)yesOrNo;

+ (NSTimer *)timerWithTimeInterval:(NSTimeInterval)ti target:(id)aTarget selector:(SEL)aSelector userInfo:(nullable id)userInfo repeats:(BOOL)yesOrNo;
+ (NSTimer *)scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:(NSTimeInterval)ti target:(id)aTarget selector:(SEL)aSelector userInfo:(nullable id)userInfo repeats:(BOOL)yesOrNo;

+ (NSTimer *)timerWithTimeInterval:(NSTimeInterval)interval repeats:(BOOL)repeats block:(void (^)(NSTimer *timer))block API_AVAILABLE(macosx(10.12), ios(10.0), watchos(3.0), tvos(10.0));
+ (NSTimer *)scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:(NSTimeInterval)interval repeats:(BOOL)repeats block:(void (^)(NSTimer *timer))block API_AVAILABLE(macosx(10.12), ios(10.0), watchos(3.0), tvos(10.0));

我们在平时的开发过程中,常用到的NSTimer类方法就上面这6个函数

下面我们先来探究下NSTimer不工作的问题,示例代码如下:

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    // Do any additional setup after loading the view.
    
    NSTimer *timer1 = [NSTimer timerWithTimeInterval:1 target:self selector:@selector(doTask) userInfo:nil repeats:YES];

    NSTimer *timer2 = [NSTimer timerWithTimeInterval:1 repeats:YES block:^(NSTimer * _Nonnull timer) {
        NSLog(@"2222");
    }];
    
    NSMethodSignature *signature = [NSMethodSignature signatureWithObjCTypes:"v@:"];
    NSInvocation *invocation = [NSInvocation invocationWithMethodSignature:signature];
    invocation.target = self;
    invocation.selector = @selector(doTask);
    NSTimer *timer3 =  [NSTimer timerWithTimeInterval:1 invocation:invocation repeats:YES];
}

- (void)doTask {
    NSLog(@"1111");
}

从上面创建的3个timer的运行结果来看,这三个timer都没有工作,这又是为何尼,我们从timerWithTimeInterval:开头的函数注释可以得知,初始化出来的timer需要添加到runloop中才能正常使用

Creates and returns a new NSTimer object initialized with the specified block object. This timer needs to be scheduled on a run loop (via -[NSRunLoop addTimer:]) before it will fire.

我们将timer添加到runloop中,修改代码如下:

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    // Do any additional setup after loading the view.
    
    NSTimer *timer1 = [NSTimer timerWithTimeInterval:1 target:self selector:@selector(doTask) userInfo:nil repeats:YES];
    // 将timer添加到runloop
    [[NSRunLoop currentRunLoop] addTimer:timer1 forMode:NSDefaultRunLoopMode];
    
    NSTimer *timer2 = [NSTimer timerWithTimeInterval:1 repeats:YES block:^(NSTimer * _Nonnull timer) {
        NSLog(@"2222");
    }];
    // 将timer添加到runloop
    [[NSRunLoop currentRunLoop] addTimer:timer2 forMode:NSDefaultRunLoopMode];
    
    NSMethodSignature *signature = [NSMethodSignature signatureWithObjCTypes:"v@:"];
    NSInvocation *invocation = [NSInvocation invocationWithMethodSignature:signature];
    invocation.target = self;
    invocation.selector = @selector(doTask2);
    NSTimer *timer3 =  [NSTimer timerWithTimeInterval:1 invocation:invocation repeats:YES];
    
    // 将timer添加到runloop
    [[NSRunLoop currentRunLoop] addTimer:timer3 forMode:NSDefaultRunLoopMode];
}

- (void)doTask {
    NSLog(@"1111");
}

- (void)doTask2 {
    NSLog(@"333");
}

将timer添加到runloop中后,这三个timer就能正常打印工作了

接下来我们将timerWithTimeInterval:替换成scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:,这时我们发现不将timer添加到runloop中,这时timer也都能正常工作,这又是为何尼?,我们看下scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:开头的函数的注释可知,scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:开头的函数创建的timer,底层已近将此timer添加到当前runloop中,不需要我们重复添加

Creates and returns a new NSTimer object initialized with the specified block object and schedules it on the current run loop in the default mode.

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    // Do any additional setup after loading the view.
    
    [NSTimer scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:1 target:self selector:@selector(doTask) userInfo:nil repeats:YES];
    
    [NSTimer scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:1 repeats:YES block:^(NSTimer * _Nonnull timer) {
        NSLog(@"444");
    }];
    
    NSMethodSignature *signature = [NSMethodSignature signatureWithObjCTypes:"v@:"];
    NSInvocation *invocation = [NSInvocation invocationWithMethodSignature:signature];
    invocation.target = self;
    invocation.selector = @selector(doTask2);
    [NSTimer scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:1 invocation:invocation repeats:YES];
}

- (void)doTask {
    NSLog(@"111");
}

- (void)doTask2 {
    NSLog(@"333");
}

我们从GNU中的源码也可以看到,scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:内部确实将timer添加到runloop,源码如下:

/**
 * Create a timer which will fire after ti seconds and, if f is YES,
 * every ti seconds thereafter. On firing, the target object will be
 * sent a message specified by selector and with the timer as its
 * argument.<br />
 * This timer will automatically be added to the current run loop and
 * will fire in the default run loop mode.
 */
+ (NSTimer*) scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval: (NSTimeInterval)ti
                     target: (id)object
                   selector: (SEL)selector
                   userInfo: (id)info
                    repeats: (BOOL)f
{
  id t = [[self alloc] initWithFireDate: nil
                   interval: ti
                 target: object
                   selector: selector
                   userInfo: info
                repeats: f];
                
    // 将timer添加到runloop中
  [[NSRunLoop currentRunLoop] addTimer: t forMode: NSDefaultRunLoopMode];
  RELEASE(t);
  return t;
}

接下来我们再来看看在异步子线程中创建的timer不工作的问题,示例代码如下:

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    // Do any additional setup after loading the view.
    
    dispatch_async(dispatch_get_global_queue(0, 0), ^{        
        NSTimer *timer = [NSTimer scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:1 target:self selector:@selector(doTask) userInfo:nil repeats:YES];
    });
}

- (void)doTask {
    NSLog(@"111");
}

我们运行项目发现没有执行打印语句,timer没有工作,这是因为在异步子线程中默认是没有runloop的,不能将timer添加到runloop中,所以我们需要在子线程中创建一个runloop,修改代码如下:

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    // Do any additional setup after loading the view.
    
    dispatch_async(dispatch_get_global_queue(0, 0), ^{
        NSTimer *timer = [NSTimer scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:1 target:self selector:@selector(doTask) userInfo:nil repeats:YES];
        [[NSRunLoop currentRunLoop] addTimer:timer forMode:NSDefaultRunLoopMode];
    });
}

- (void)doTask {
    NSLog(@"111");
}

我们在异步线程中创建好runloop后,运行项目,发现还是没有打印,这又是为啥尼,这是因为在子线程中创建的runloop,我们必须手动调用run方法来启动这个runloop,所以我们修改代码如下:

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    // Do any additional setup after loading the view.
    
    dispatch_async(dispatch_get_global_queue(0, 0), ^{
        NSTimer *timer = [NSTimer scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:1 target:self selector:@selector(doTask) userInfo:nil repeats:YES];
        [[NSRunLoop currentRunLoop] addTimer:timer forMode:NSDefaultRunLoopMode];
        // 启动runloop
        [[NSRunLoop currentRunLoop] run];
    });
}

- (void)doTask {
    NSLog(@"111"); // 111
}

滚动列表(继承自UIScrollView的控件)导致NSTimer失效的问题,前几个章节讲解runloop的应用时有讲解


接下来我们再来看看NSTimer造成的循环引用问题,示例代码如下:

@interface ViewController ()

@property (nonatomic, strong) CADisplayLink *displayLink;
@property (nonatomic, strong) NSTimer *timer;
@end

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    // Do any additional setup after loading the view.
        
    self.displayLink = [CADisplayLink displayLinkWithTarget:self selector:@selector(doTask)];
    // 将displayLink添加到runloop中
    [self.displayLink addToRunLoop:[NSRunLoop currentRunLoop] forMode:NSDefaultRunLoopMode];
    
    self.timer = [NSTimer timerWithTimeInterval:1 target:self selector:@selector(doTask2) userInfo:nil repeats:YES];
    // 将timer添加到runloop中
    [[NSRunLoop currentRunLoop] addTimer:self.timer forMode:NSDefaultRunLoopMode];
}

- (void)doTask {
    NSLog(@"111");
}

- (void)doTask2 {
    NSLog(@"333");
}

- (void)dealloc {
    [self.displayLink invalidate];
    [self.timer invalidate];
    
    NSLog(@"%s", __func__);
}

CADisplayLink

CADisplayLink也是一种定时器,定时器平均每秒刷新60次(60FPS为屏幕刷帧频率)

这里我们拿CADisplayLinkNSTimer一块分析,因为它们都会产生循环引用,并且原因也一样

当我们返回当前控制器时,我们发现当前控制器已经销毁,但是定时器任然在工作,这是因为当前控制器self强引用着timer,然而timer内部的实现又将传递进去的target参数对象进行了持有(retain操作),这样就导致了循环引用

timer内部对target对象进行了持有,也就是进行了retain操作,使target对象的引用计数器+1,这个我们可以通过timerWithTimeInterval:target:selector:userInfo:repeats:对应的GNU源码查看了解到,GNU源码如下:

- (id) initWithFireDate: (NSDate*)fd
           interval: (NSTimeInterval)ti
         target: (id)object
           selector: (SEL)selector
           userInfo: (id)info
        repeats: (BOOL)f
{
  if (ti <= 0.0)
    {
      ti = 0.0001;
    }
  if (fd == nil)
    {
      _date = [[NSDate_class allocWithZone: NSDefaultMallocZone()]
        initWithTimeIntervalSinceNow: ti];
    }
  else
    {
      _date = [fd copyWithZone: NSDefaultMallocZone()];
    }
    
     // 从这里可以看到,在timer内部,对传递进来的`target`对象进行了retain操作,也就是在timer内部对`target`对象进行了强引用
  _target = RETAIN(object);
  
  _selector = selector;
  _info = RETAIN(info);
  if (f == YES)
    {
      _repeats = YES;
      _interval = ti;
    }
  else
    {
      _repeats = NO;
      _interval = 0.0;
    }
  return self;
}


/**
 * Create a timer which will fire after ti seconds and, if f is YES,
 * every ti seconds thereafter. On firing, the target object will be
 * sent a message specified by selector and with the timer as its
 * argument.<br />
 * NB. To make the timer operate, you must add it to a run loop.
 */
+ (NSTimer*) timerWithTimeInterval: (NSTimeInterval)ti
                target: (id)object
              selector: (SEL)selector
              userInfo: (id)info
               repeats: (BOOL)f
{
  return AUTORELEASE([[self alloc] initWithFireDate: nil
                       interval: ti
                         target: object
                       selector: selector
                       userInfo: info
                        repeats: f]);
}

查看GNU源码,我们可以知道,timerWithTimeInterval:target:selector:userInfo:repeats:函数底层最终会调用initWithFireDate:interval:target:selector:userInfo:repeats:函数,在这个函数内部有执行_target = RETAIN(object);,所以会产生循环引用

那么怎么解决这个循环引用问题尼,我们将Target参数的self强指针改为弱指针__weak typeof(self) weakSelf = self是否可以尼,示例代码如下:

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    // Do any additional setup after loading the view.
    
    __weak typeof(self) weakSelf = self;
    
    self.displayLink = [CADisplayLink displayLinkWithTarget:weakSelf selector:@selector(doTask)];
    // 将displayLink添加到runloop中
    [self.displayLink addToRunLoop:[NSRunLoop currentRunLoop] forMode:NSDefaultRunLoopMode];
    
    self.timer = [NSTimer timerWithTimeInterval:1 target:weakSelf selector:@selector(doTask2) userInfo:nil repeats:YES];
    // 将timer添加到runloop中
    [[NSRunLoop currentRunLoop] addTimer:self.timer forMode:NSDefaultRunLoopMode];
}

我们发现将self改为weakSelf并不能解决循环引用问题,这是因为__weak是用来解决block代码块内部的循环引用问题的,用在此处并没有作用,那我们该怎么解决这种循环引用尼?

对于NSTimer来说,我们可以选择使用timerWithTimeInterval:repeats:block:,这时就可以在block内部使用weakSelf来解决循环引用

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    // Do any additional setup after loading the view.
    
    __weak typeof(self) weakSelf = self;
    
    self.timer = [NSTimer timerWithTimeInterval:1 repeats:YES block:^(NSTimer * _Nonnull timer) {
        [weakSelf doTask2];
    }];
    
    // 将timer添加到runloop中
    [[NSRunLoop currentRunLoop] addTimer:self.timer forMode:NSDefaultRunLoopMode];
}

但是CADisplayLink定时器没有带block的这种用法,那还是得想办法解决target:selector:这种用法的循环引用,这时我们可以使用代理的方式来解决,我们创建一个target的代理对象,将实现doTask方法的目标对象转移给TimerProxy代理对象,测试代码如下:

TimerProxy

@interface TimerProxy : NSObject

// 弱引用
@property (nonatomic, weak) id target;

+ (instancetype)proxyWithTarget:(id)target;
@end

@implementation TimerProxy

+ (instancetype)proxyWithTarget:(id)target {
    TimerProxy *proxy = [[TimerProxy alloc] init];
    proxy.target = target;
    return proxy;
}

// 消息转发
- (id)forwardingTargetForSelector:(SEL)aSelector {
     // 将aSelector的实现转发给self.target对象实现
    return self.target;
}

- (void)dealloc {
    NSLog(@"%s", __func__);
}
@end
- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    // Do any additional setup after loading the view.
        
    self.displayLink = [CADisplayLink displayLinkWithTarget:[TimerProxy proxyWithTarget:self] selector:@selector(doTask)];
    // 将displayLink添加到runloop中
    [self.displayLink addToRunLoop:[NSRunLoop currentRunLoop] forMode:NSDefaultRunLoopMode];

    self.timer = [NSTimer timerWithTimeInterval:1 target:[TimerProxy proxyWithTarget:self] selector:@selector(doTask2) userInfo:nil repeats:YES];
    // 将timer添加到runloop中
    [[NSRunLoop currentRunLoop] addTimer:self.timer forMode:NSDefaultRunLoopMode];
}

- (void)doTask {
    NSLog(@"111");
}

- (void)doTask2 {
    NSLog(@"333");
}

- (void)dealloc {
    [self.displayLink invalidate];
    [self.timer invalidate];
    
    NSLog(@"%s", __func__);
}

我们再次运行程序,退出当前控制器,发现定时器和控制器都能正常的销毁了,这里使用弱引用的target就解决了循环引用问题


接下来我们再来看下NSTimerCADisplayLink创建的定时器存在不准确的问题。NSTimerCADisplayLink定时器不准是因为timer需要在runloop环境下工作,然而runloop的运行循环并不能保证每一个循环所用的时间都是相同的,可能某一个循环所用时间0.2s,或者0.2s,或者0.3s,或者0.5s,这时如果timer定时器的时间间隔是1s,但是此时runloop需要循环0.2s+0.2s+0.3s+0.5s才能执行一次定时器任务,但是这时的时间就是1.2s了,与定时器的1s就有一些误差了,所以说导致了timer不准

我们可以选择使用GCD来创建一个定时器,GCD创建的定时器不依赖与runloop的运行环境,所以就更加准确一些,示例代码如下:

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    // Do any additional setup after loading the view.
        
    // 创建一个队列,如果是`dispatch_get_main_queue`那么定时器就会在主线程中执行,如果我们需要定时器在子线程中执行,我们可以创建一个队列`dispatch_queue_create("queun", DISPATCH_QUEUE_SERIAL)`
    dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_get_main_queue();
    
    // 创建定时器
    dispatch_source_t timer = dispatch_source_create(DISPATCH_SOURCE_TYPE_TIMER, 0, 0, queue);
    
    // 设置几秒开始定时
    uint64_t startTime = 0;
    
    // 设置定时器的时间间隔
    uint64_t interval = 1;
    
    dispatch_source_set_timer(timer, dispatch_time(DISPATCH_TIME_NOW, startTime * NSEC_PER_SEC), interval * NSEC_PER_SEC, 0);
    
    // 设置定时器执行任务
    dispatch_source_set_event_handler(timer, ^{
        NSLog(@"1111");
    });
    
    // 启动定时器
    dispatch_resume(timer);
    
    // 这里需要主要,创建完gcd的定时器,我们需要使用一个强指针指向这个定时器
    self.gcdTimer = timer;
}

讲解示例Demo地址:https://github.com/guangqiang-liu/10-NSTimer

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