祈使句和感叹句分析
1. 祈使句分析。
1.1 什么是祈使句(imperative)?
祈使句,就是说话者用于发起一个命令(command)或者指令(instruction),或者发出请求(make a request),或者提供建议(advice)的句子。
1.2祈使句现象举例。
先看看下面这些句子:
“Go!” “Come here!” “Do me a favor.” “What?” “Who? ”“Who should do these things? ”
这些句子似乎仅由谓语短语组成!主语在那儿呢?实际上,它们隐藏了主语(或者说隐含了主语),也指可以理解的主语(an understood subject)。如果你将主语补充完整,就很好理解了,例如:
(1) (You) go!
(2) (You) come here!
(3) (You) do me a favor.
(4) (You) please join us for dinner. (邀请式)
(5) (You) come out with us tonight. (邀请式)
(6) (You) stop feeding the dog from the table. (请求或命令式)
(7) (You) choose the Irish wolfhound, not the German shepherd. (建议式)
(8) Wear your gold necklace with that dress. (建议式)
1.3祈使句的主语。
1.3.1 命令式祈使句的主语可以理解成“you”,例如:
(1) (You) tidy your room! 整理好你的房间!
(2) (You) please tidy your room. 请你整理一下房间。
(3) (You) shut up! 你闭嘴。
(4) (You ) please keep the noise down. 小声点。
(5) (You ) consider the lily. 考虑一下百合花。
1.3.2 偶尔在非正式口语中,也可以将祈使句的主语理解为“I”,例如:
(1) “Hope you feel better!”
这儿的主语应该理解成“I”,即“(I) hope you feel better!”
(2) “Best wishes.”
可理解为“(I have) best wishes (in my heart for you).” 或 “(I am sending you my) best wishes.”
(3) “Hope that helps.”
可理解为“(I) hope that helps (for you).”
(4) Have a good trip.(表示愿望。)
可理解为“(I wish you) have a good trip.”
但是,需要特别注意,这种理解仅限于非正式的表达中,正式用法不认可这种理解。
1.3.3祈使句的主语也可能是其它名词或代词,例如:
(1) Everybody look!
(2) Relax, everybody.
(3) Nobody move!
(4) John sit down; the rest of you go home.
(5) Somebody answer the phone!
1.4祈使句的句尾标点符号用法。
1.4.1 强迫式的命令式祈使句使用感叹号(Exclamation Mark)结尾,例如:
(1) (You ) get out! 你滚出去!
(2) (You) watch your mouth, young man! 年轻人,注意你的言辞!
(3) (You) go, and never darken my towels again! (Comedian Groucho Marx)
去吧,别再把我的毛巾弄脏了。
但是,必须注意,并非所有以感叹号结尾的句子都是祈使句,应该从上下文环境来判断,例如:
(1) I came first, Lee! 李,我第一个赶到这儿!
(这是一个表达喜悦和惊讶情绪的感叹句)
(2) Shut up!
(这个句子也可能是一个祈使句,但是,这种方式也用于表达“决于,一点也不”(“no way”)的含义。这种情况时,是用于表达惊奇的感叹句。应该根据上下文来判断,是否说话人是表示事业意,还是表示惊呀。)
1.4.1 礼貌或绅士的命令式祈使句使用句号(period或full stop)结尾,例如:
(1) (You) pass the pepper. 把这个胡椒粉给我递一下。
(2) (You) don't forget to feed the pony. 别忘了喂马。
(3) If you've heard this story before, (you) don't stop me, because I'd like to hear it again. (Groucho Marx)
如果你以前听过这个故事,别打断我,我想再听一遍。
(4) A child of five would understand this. Send someone to fetch a child of five. (Groucho Marx)
(句中,只有第二个句子是命令式祈使句。)
1.4.3 建议的命令式祈使句使用句号结尾,例如:
(1) (You) don't count the days. Make the days count. (Boxer Muhammad Ali)
不要数日子。让每一天过得有意义。
(2) (You) do not condemn the judgement of another because it differs from your own. (Philosopher Dandemis)
不要谴责别人的判断,因为它与你的判断本质就不同。
2. 感叹句分析。
2.1 什么是感叹句(imperative)?
感叹句是用来表达激动、惊讶、快乐和愤怒等强烈情绪的句子,以感叹号结尾。有时候,为了增强感叹效果,常常在感叹句之前加上感叹语,感叹句后面接逗号,以表达比较温和的效果;而感叹词后接感叹号,表达强调的效果。例如:
(1) It is too dangerous to climb that mountain!
(2) I got an A on my book report!
(3) I got the concert tickets!
(4) Ugh! Why are you yelling at me? (感叹词“Ugh”后面接感叹号,表达强调。)
(5) I'm not!
(6) Hey! What a brilliant idea that is! (感叹词“Hey”后面接感叹号,表达强调。)
(7) Oh, how I wish I were there now!(感叹词“oh”后面接逗号,表达温和。)
(8) Wow! What a cool car you've got!(感叹词“Wow”后面接感叹号,表达强调。)
2.2 感叹句的句子成分。
感叹句常以what,how,so,such,等词引导,感叹句的引导词可以看成是句子其它成分的修饰语。例如:
(1) What a great question that is!
主语:“that”
谓语:“is”(连系动词)
补语:“a great question”,“what”是“a great question”的修饰语。
(2) Oh Granny, what big teeth you have!
句子附加成分:“Oh Granny”
主语:“you”。
谓语:“have”。
补语:“big teeth”,“what”是“big teeth”的修饰语。
(3) How bright they've grown in the sunlight!
主语:“they”。
谓语:“have grown”。
谓语修饰语(或者谓语补语):“How bright”,“how”是bright的修饰语,“how”是程度副词,修饰形容词“bright”。
“in the sunlight”副词短语,谓语补语修饰语。
(4) That birthday cake was so good!
(5) Sheldon's gift was so amazing!
(6) Eugh, that bug is so ugly!
(7) I’m so mad right now!
(8) He's such a kind soul!
(9) That's such a gorgeous ring!
(9) Your puppy is such a cutie!
(10) You’re such a liar!
2.3 感叹句的简写格式。
感叹句在实际使用中常常简写,通常省略掉动词。如果一个句子没有动词,文法上来讲不能算作一个句子,因此,可以把这个表达方式看成了一种特别的表达方式,这种用法在英语中也非常普遍。例如:
简写形式----------------------------------------完整格式(完整的句子)
(1) What a brilliant idea!----------------------What a brilliant idea that is!
(2) What a cool car! ------------------------What a cool car you've got!
(3) How lovely!---------------------------------How lovely those flowers are!