Bash ToolKit

2018-12-11  本文已影响0人  BinaryWoodB

Bash and Linux Tool

工具

标准输入输出

Command Description
echo echo "Hello world!" > hello.sh
printf printf "Test the code %d times, and it still can fail the %d-th time." 100 101
stdout stderr ls 1> /tmp/ls.stdout 2> /tmp/ls.stderr
&& || mkdir /tmp/good || echo "failed to create folder /tmp/good"

short-circuiting
$(this_is_a_command) or `` touch `seq 1 3` or touch $(seq 1 3)

文件系统

  1. 工作目录(working directory)

    Command Description
    pwd ls cd
    du du -sh *

    display disk usage statistics
    df df -h /mnt

    display free disk space
  2. 查找文件

    Command Description
    find find . -type f

    找到本目录下所有的文件并输出到屏幕 (包括子目录,下同)
    -name: find . -name "*.jpg"
    -maxdepth: find -maxdepth 1
  3. 文件操作(移动、拷贝、创建文件夹)

    Command Description
    cp mv rm mkdir rmdir 在~/.bashrc文件中,加入下面的命令:
    alias cp='cp -i'
    alias rm='rm -i'
    alias mv='mv -i'

    -i: 如果命令会删除或者覆盖文件,会提示用户confirm。
    chmod chmod a-w somefile

    把somefile的所有写权限去掉
    ln ln -s $src $dest

    创建一个软链接$dest, 它指向的原文件在$src

文件内容

  1. 查看文件

    Command Description
    cat cat <file>
    head tail head -n <file>
    less more lessmore的升级版,推荐使用less
    diff diff file1 file2
    md5sum md5sum <file>

    计算文件的md5码,用来比较本机和远程文件是否相同
  2. 文件内容操作

    Command Description
    cut cut -f1,3 file1

    cut out selected portions of each line of a file
    -b 按字节
    -f显示某几列
    bc echo "1.212*3" | bc

    任意精度的计算器
    wc find . -name "*.jpg" | wc -l

    数出本目录下所有的jpg文件数量
    sort sort a.list > a.sort

    对文件a.list排序并写到a.sort
    -u: 去重
    -k: sort -k2,2 a.list, 按第2列排序
    -n: 按数字排序
    -V:可以理解为加强版的按数字排序
    -r: 倒序
    -R: 随机
    uniq cat list1 list2 | sort | uniq > final.list

    将list1, list2合并,排序后去重,写到final.list
    (其实sort一个命令就够了)
    -c: 用来统计很方便
    -u
    -d
    sed sed "s@origin@corrected@" a.list -i
    将a.list中每行出现的第一个origin替换为corrected
    -i: inplace change

    sed -i "s/old/new/g" `grep old -rl /www`
    /www路径下递归的所有文件中包含old字符串的文件中的old都替换成new
    awk awk -F'_' '{print $1}' a.list

    将a.list中每行按'_'分隔,每行输出分隔后的第一个字符串,例如1_2_3-> 1
    xargs find . -name "*.jpg" | xargs -i rm {}
    find . -name "*.jpg" | xargs rm

    找到本目录下所有的jpg文件并删除
    -P: 多进程
    -n: 一般配合"-P"参数
    comm comm -23 a.sort b.sort

    输出在a中,不在b中的行
    grep cat a.list | grep png

    找到a.list中包含png的行
    -R 递归查找
    -n 列出行号
    -l 列出匹配的文件名
    -a
    -o
    -i不区分大小写

    grep "abc" . -nr 查找当前路径下含有“abc”的文件,列出文件名,行号和匹配内容
    grep "abc" . -lr 查找当前路径下含有“abc”的文件,列出文件名
    rev rev <file>
    find . -type f | rev | cut -d'/' -f1 | rev # revcut'/'

    reverse the file(or reverse the stdin if no file provided)

系统相关

Command Description
htop top 查看各个进程的实时CUP占用率、内存使用,进程ID,命令行,启动时间,用户等信息。以及机器整体的CPU占用率和内存使用情况。
ps ps aux
ps auxf
dstat 系统资源统计。可以查看每秒的CPU,磁盘读写,网络出入等信息
nvidia-smi 查看GPU的状态
ssh
scp scp -r $scr $dest

机器之间复制文件
rsync rsync -avzP $src $dest

和scp接近,文件传输工具。特别适用于大量小文件场合,此时速度会明显快于scp。
-e: rsync -avhP -e "ssh -carcfour"
可以指定ssh参数,如端口/证书等
tmux https://gist.github.com/MohamedAlaa/2961058

tmux is a terminal multiplexer,你会经常在服务器上工作,应该尽快掌握tmux
kill pkill killall kill <process_id>
kill -9 <process_id>
killall python
pkill _unittest

杀死进程
后台运行相关 ./a_time_comsuming_process &> 1.log
jobs
fg (ctrl-z)
bg (ctrl-z)

网络相关

Command Description
netstat netstat -anp|grep <port> 网络详细信息
lsof lsof -i:<port>
ping ping www.baidu.com
ifconfig

常用工具

Command Description
wget wget http://some.server.com/thewantedarticle.pdf -O /tmp/local.pdf
下载工具
curl
jq 用于解析json
$ echo '{"key1":"value1","key2":"value2"}' | jq '.key2'
"value2"
parallel 用于并行执行多个相近的命令
cat 20urls.list | parallel -j 4 wget -q {}
xargs xargs非常强大
find . -type f |grep '2018/03' | xargs -I {} wc -l {}
find . -type f |grep '2018/03' | xargs wc -l

Linux Package Manager

Command Description
sudo apt-get update 更新源列表中的软件列表
sudo apt-get upgrade 把本地已安装的软件,与刚下载的软件列表里对应软件进行对比,如果发现已安装的软件版本太低,就会提示你更新。

Bash脚本语法

"#!": shebang。使用chmod +x file使sh脚本文件可以运行。

#!/bin/bash

变量

  1. 基本用法

    des="awe and cool"
    echo $des
    echo ${des}
    echo "This is ${des}"
    
  2. 内置变量

    $0, $1, $2...: 脚本参数

  3. 输出赋值

    ret=`cat readme.txt`
    echo $ret
    
    ret=$(cat readme.txt)
    echo $ret
    
  4. 运算

  1. 判断语句

    if <condition>
    then
        <cmd>
    else
        <cmd>
    fi
    
    tmp=35
    if [ ${tmp} -ge 30 ]
    then
        echo "It's too hot"
    fi
    
| Operator       | Description  |
| :------------- |:-------------|
|`! EXPRESSION`| The EXPRESSION is false.
|`-n STRING`| The length of STRING is greater than zero.
|`-z STRING`|The lengh of STRING is zero (ie it is empty).
|`STRING1 = STRING2`| STRING1 is equal to STRING2
|`STRING1 != STRING2`| STRING1 is not equal to STRING2
|`INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2`| INTEGER1 is numerically equal to INTEGER2
|`INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2`| INTEGER1 is numerically greater than INTEGER2
|`INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2`| INTEGER1 is numerically less than INTEGER2
|`-d FILE`| FILE exists and is a directory.
|`-e FILE`| FILE exists.
|`-r FILE`| FILE exists and the read permission is granted.
|`-s FILE`| FILE exists and it's size is greater than zero (ie. it is not empty).
|`-w FILE`| FILE exists and the write permission is granted.
|`-x FILE`| FILE exists and the execute permission is granted.

test命令:
```bash
$ test 5 -ge 4
$ echo $?
0
```
test命令的结果,0表示true或命令运行成功;1表示false或运行失败。
  1. 布尔运算

    &&, ||

    if [ $code_review = "pass" ] && [ $regression_test = "pass" ]
    then
    echo "ship it!"
    fi
    
  2. 循环语句

    for var in <list>
    do
        <cmd>
    done
    
    for name in John, Emma, Tom
    do
        echo "My name is $name"
    done
    
    for num in {1..10}
    do
        echo "count $num"
    done
    
    for ((i=0; i<10; i++))
    do
        echo "count $i"
    done
    
  3. until语句

    until [ some_test ]
    do
        <cmd>
    done
    
    suffix=1
    until [ ! -e "foo${suffix}" ]
    do
    let suffix++
    done
    echo "The file name foo${suffix} is good.
    
  4. break

  5. continue

  6. 函数

function_name () {
<commands>
}
discuss_langauges() {
 language1=$1
 language2=$2
 echo "$1 is a good language."
 echo "$2 is also a good language."
}

discuss_langauges c++ python

调用不需括号

find_cpp_files() {
 local folder=$1
 local ret=$(find ${folder} -name '*.cpp' | wc -l)
 return $ret
}
folder=/home/hchen/code/ficus/common/machine_learning
find_cpp_files $folder
num_files=$?
echo "There are ${num_files} cpp files in ${folder}"

调试技巧

实用案例

  1. Test if a comand outputs an empty string:
    if [[ $(YOUR_COMMAND)]]
# ls directory
if [[ $(ls -A) ]]; then
    echo "there are files"
else
    echo "no files found"
fi

# grep file context 
if [[ $(cat file | grep key_word) ]]; then
  echo "find key_word in the file"
then 
  echo "Not found"
fi
  1. Check whether the last command complete successfully.
    $?: the exit code of the last command (zero for success, non-zero for failure).
files=$(ls -A)
if [[ $? != 0 ]]; then
    echo "Command failed."
elif [[ $files ]]; then
    echo "Files found."
else
    echo "No files found."
fi
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