英语语法纲要
1. 句子
1.1 五种简单句句型:
- 主语+动词
My head aches.
我头疼。 - 主语+动词+补语
Frank is clever/an architect.
弗兰克很聪明/是一名建筑师。 - 主语+动词+直接宾语
My sister enjoyed the play.
我姐姐喜欢那出戏。 - 主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
The firm gave Sam a watch.
那个商行赠与萨姆一块表。 - 主语+动词+宾语+补语
They made Sam redundant/chairman.
他们使萨姆成了超编人员/主席。
1.2 并列句
简单句+连词+简单句
Jimmy fell off his bike, but (he) was unhurt.
吉米从自行车上跌了下来,但(他)没有受伤。
1.2.1并列连词
- 另加/连续:and; both...and; not only...but...(too/as well); not only...but(also)...; and then
- 对比:but; yet
- 选择:either...or...; neither...nor...
- 结果:so
- 原因:for
1.3 复合句
从句是相对于主句而言的,即它是从属于某一个主句,而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中,主要有三大从句,即名词性从句(包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句)、形容词性从句(即定语从句)、副词性从句(即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等)。
- 名词从句
- 定语从句
- 状语从句
2. 动词
2.1 动词变型
序号 | 类型 | 单词示例 | 用途 |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 原型 | work | 一般现在时 |
2 | 单数第三人称 | works | 单数第三人称一般现在时 |
3 | 过去式 | worked | 一般过去时 |
4 | 过去分词 | worked | 被动语态,或做定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语 |
5 | 现在分词 | working | 进行时态,或做定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语 |
6 | 动名词 | working | 一种名词 |
7 | 不定式 | to work | 做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语 |
2.2 不规则动词变化
Infinitive不定式 | Past Tense 过去式 | Past Participle 过去分词 |
---|---|---|
be | were \was | been |
can | could | - |
do/does | did | done |
eat | ate | eaten |
get | got | got,gotten |
give | gave | given |
go | went | gone |
have | had | had |
hear | heard | heard |
know | knew | known |
see | saw | seen |
write | wrote | written |
其它不规则动词参见:英语不规则动词
2.3 动词时态
类型 | 过去 | 现在 | 将来 |
---|---|---|---|
一般时态 | 一般过去时 | 一般现在时 | 一般将来时 |
一般完成时态 | 一般过去完成时 | 一般现在完成时 | 一般将来完成时 |
进行时态 | 过去进行时 | 现在进行时 | 将来进行时 |
完成进行时态 | 过去完成进行时 | 现在完成进行时 | 将来完成进行时 |
2.3.1 例句
|一般时|进行时
-|-|-
现在时|I work.|I am working.
过去时|I worked.|I was working.
现在完成时|I have worked.|I have been working.
过去完成时|I had worked.|I had been working.
将来时|I will work.|I will be working.
将来完成时|I will have worked.|I will have been working.
woking: work的现在分词
worked: work的过去式或过去分词
was: am的过去式
had: have的过去式
been: be的过去分词
2.4 不定式和"-ing"形式
3. 名词
3.3 名词复数
规则拼写法 | 单数 | 复数 |
---|---|---|
一般加-s | cat | cats |
tub | tubs | |
以o、s、x、ch、sh结尾加-es | potato | potatoes |
class | classes | |
box | boxes | |
watch | watches | |
bush | bushes | |
辅音字母+y结果,变为加-ies | country | countries |
元音字母+y结果,加-s | day | days |
以-y结尾的专有名词,加-s | Kennedy | the Kennedys |
以-f/-fe结尾的名词变为-ves | wife | wives |
knife | knives |
不规则拼写法 | 单数 | 复数 |
---|---|---|
改变内部元音 | man | men |
词尾加-en | ox | oxen |
形式不变 | sheep | sheep |
外来词 | analysis | analyses |
4. 人称代词
|人称代词| |物主代词| |反身代词
-|-|-|-|-|-
|主格|宾格|形容词|代词|
单数|I|me|my|mine|myself
|you|you|your|yours|yourself
|he|him|his|his|himself
|she|her|her|hers|herself
|it|it|its|--|itself
|one|one|(one's)|--|oneself
复数|we|us|our|ours|ourselves
|you|you|your|yours|yourselves
|they|them|their|theirs|themselves
- 指示形容词和代词:this/that/these/those
- 不定代词:some, any及其复合词
- 关系代词:who, whom, that, which
5. 冠词a, an, the
6. 助动词Be, Have, Do
7. 情态助动词
很不肯定-->几乎可以肯定:
might
may
could
can
should
ought to
would
will
must
参考资料
朗文英语语法
英语从句分类与解析