【收集】Python网络爬虫

Python网络爬虫实战之六:静态网页爬取案例实战

2018-08-09  本文已影响331人  27efec53a72d

目录:Python网络爬虫实战系列

正文:

预备知识点:正则表达式之 pattern+?、pattern*?、(?!pattern)、(?:pattern)

pattern+?、pattern*?

这两个比较常用,表示懒惰匹配,即匹配符合条件的尽量短的字符串。默认情况下 + 和 * 是贪婪匹配,即匹配尽可能长的字符串,在它们后面加上 ? 表示想要进行懒惰匹配。

(?!pattern)

表示一个过滤条件,若字符串符合 pattern 则将其过滤掉。在分析日志时很有用,例如想过滤掉包含 info 标记的日志可以写 ^(?!.info).$。

(?:pattern)

这条规则主要是为了优化性能,对匹配没有影响。它表示括号内的子表达式匹配的结果不需要返回也不会被 12 之类的反向引用。

案例实战一

获取网页https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Bacon中的词条url链接

尝试1

## 尝试1:爬取网页内容
from urllib.request import urlopen
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

html = urlopen(r'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Bacon')
bsObj = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(bsObj.prettify())

尝试2

## 尝试2:抓取网页中的 a 标签,且以 href 开头的所有url链接
from urllib.request import urlopen
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

html = urlopen(r'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Bacon')
bsObj = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
allLinks = bsObj.findAll("a")
print(len(allLinks))  # 780
for link in allLinks:
    if "href" in link.attrs:
        print(link.attrs["href"])

通过分析“尝试2”中的数据,发现如下规律:

1、id在bodyContent的div标签中;

2、url不包含冒号;

3、url以/wiki/开头

正式提取

## 正式提取维基中的词条url
from urllib.request import urlopen
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import re

html = urlopen(r'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Bacon')
bsObj = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
allLinks = bsObj.find('div', {'id': 'bodyContent'}).findAll('a', href=re.compile("^(/wiki/)((?!:).)*$"))
# allLinks
# allLinks[0]
# # result: <a class="mw-disambig" href="/wiki/Kevin_Bacon_(disambiguation)" title="Kevin Bacon (disambiguation)">Kevin Bacon (disambiguation)</a>
# allLinks[0].text
# # result: 'Kevin Bacon (disambiguation)'
# allLinks[0].attrs['class']
# # result: ['mw-disambig']
# allLinks[0].attrs['href']
# # result: '/wiki/Kevin_Bacon_(disambiguation)'
# allLinks[0].attrs['title']
# # result: 'Kevin Bacon (disambiguation)'
# print(len(allLinks))  # 380
for link in allLinks:
    if 'href' in link.attrs:
        print(link.attrs['href'])

案例实战二

获取网页https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Bacon中的词条url链接以及关联页面中的词条url

from urllib.request import urlopen
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import re
import datetime
import random


def getLinks(articleUrl):
    html = urlopen("https://en.wikipedia.org" + articleUrl)
    bsObj = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
    return bsObj.find('div', {'id': 'bodyContent'}).findAll('a', href=re.compile("^(/wiki/)((?!:).)*$"))


links = getLinks("/wiki/Kevin_Bacon")
random.seed(datetime.datetime.now())  # 设置随机因子为系统时间,这样再使用随机函数时就不会取到重复值了
while len(links) > 0:
    newArticle = links[random.randint(0, len(links) - 1)].attrs["href"]
    print(newArticle)
    links = getLinks(newArticle)

上述代码存在两个隐患:
隐患1,有可能会从A页面到B页面再到A页面;
隐患2,没有做异常处理

案例实战三

获取词条以及关联词条的url、标题、概要

pages = set()  # url容器,作用:收集新的url链接;剔除已抓取的url


def getLinks(pageUrl):
    global pages  # 设为全局变量
    html = urlopen("https://en.wikipedia.org" + pageUrl)
    bsObj = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml")
    try:
        # 维基词条页面的特征:
        # 1、所有的标题都在h1->span标签里,而且只有一个标题标签
        # 2、正文文字在div#bodyContent标签里;第一段文字 div#mw-content-text->p
        # 3、编辑链接只出现在词条页面上,位于li#ca-edit标签里的 li#caedit->span->a
        print("https://en.wikipedia.org" + pageUrl)
        print(bsObj.h1.get_text())
        print(bsObj.find(id="mw-content-text").findAll("p")[0])
        print(bsObj.find(id="ca-edit").find("span").find("a").attrs['href'])
    except AttributeError:
        print("This page is missing something! No worries though!")

    allLinks = bsObj.find_all("a", href=re.compile("^(/wiki/)((?!:).)*$"))
    for link in allLinks:
        if 'href' in link.attrs:
            newPage = link.attrs['href']
            print("------------------------\n" + newPage)
            pages.add(newPage)
            getLinks(newPage)


getLinks("/wiki/Farouk_Topan")

案例实战四

通过定义函数,获取页面内的所有外链

from urllib.request import urlopen
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import datetime
import random
import re

random.seed(datetime.datetime.now())
allExtLinks = set()
allIntLinks = set()


# 获取页面所有内链的列表
def getInternalLinks(bsObj, includeUrl):
    internalLinks = []
    # Finds all links that begin with a "/"
    for link in bsObj.findAll("a", href=re.compile("^(/.*" + includeUrl + ")")):
        if link.attrs["href"] is not None:
            if link.attrs["href"] not in internalLinks:
                internalLinks.append(link.attrs["href"])
    return internalLinks


# 获取所有外链的列表
def getExternallLinks(bsObj, excludeUrl):
    externalLinks = []
    # Finds all links that start with "http" or "www" that do not contain the current URL
    for link in bsObj.findAll("a", href=re.compile("^(http|www)((?!" + excludeUrl + ").)*$")):
        if link.attrs["href"] is not None:
            if link.attrs['href'] not in externalLinks:
                externalLinks.append(link.attrs['href'])
    return externalLinks


# url拆分
def splitAddress(address):
    addressParts = address.replace("http://", "").split("/")
    return addressParts


# Collects a list of all external URLs found on the site
def getAllExternalLinks(siteUrl):
    html = urlopen(siteUrl)
    bsObj = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
    internalLinks = getInternalLinks(bsObj, splitAddress(siteUrl)[0])
    externalLinks = getExternallLinks(bsObj, splitAddress(siteUrl)[0])

    for link in externalLinks:
        if link not in allExtLinks:
            allExtLinks.add(link)
            print(link)
    for link in internalLinks:
        if link not in allIntLinks:
            allIntLinks.add(link)
            getAllExternalLinks("http:" + link)


getAllExternalLinks("http://oreilly.com")
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