vbox 中使用ubuntu的操作步骤

2022-02-08  本文已影响0人  thirsd

vbox 中使用ubuntu的操作步骤

在Vbox安装Ubuntu 16.04 Server版本,无法拷贝和复制内容到shell中,故在windows中使用xshell连接服务器方式规避。

需要注意的是:在VirtualBox里面安装ubuntu系统时,需要设置VirtualBox的网络连接方式为:桥接,否则主机无法ping通虚拟机(ubuntu)的IP地址;并且需要设置虚拟机的网关和主机一致,虚拟机的IP地址和主机的IP地址在同一网段。否则不仅不能相互ping通,可能还连不上互联网。

基本信息:

ubuntu16.04.template.vmdk为ubuntu16.04的Desktop版本的模板机,用户为thirsd,密码为111111;

ubuntu16.04-server.template.vdi为ubuntu16.04的Desktop版本的模板机,用户为thirsd,密码为111111;

1、使用模板文件拷贝一份

支持拷贝ubuntu16.04-server.template.vdi

2、修改vdi的uuid,避免加载异常(UUID问题)

VirtualBox可不像VMware那样,直接复制虚拟磁盘文件就可以了事的,只因为VirtualBox识别虚拟磁盘文件VDI采用了uuid识别技术.

问题:将虚拟磁盘文件复制一份重新创建虚拟系统时提示

打开 虚拟硬盘 5.04.vdi 失败.Cannot register the hard disk '5.04.vdi' with UUID {24eb969f-8c98-470d-b2dd-35318f2b8860} because a hard disk '5.04.vdi' with UUID {24eb969f-8c98-470d-b2dd-35318f2b8860} already exists in the media registry ('C:/Documents and Settings/Blinux/.VirtualBox/VirtualBox.xml').

解决方法一:直接复制VDI文件,然后修改UUID

#假设 VBXO的安装路径为:D:\Program Files\Oracle\VirtualBox
#假设 需要修改UUID的VDI文件路径为:D:\Programs\VboxData\ubuntu16.04-server.airflow.vdi
cd D:\Program Files\Oracle\VirtualBox
D:
VBoxManage internalcommands sethduuid "D:\Programs\VboxData\ubuntu16.04-server.airflow.vdi"

解决方法二:直接用Virtualbox自带的克隆vdi文件命令

#如果路径中存在空格可以在路径的两端添加引号
VBoxManage clonehd 'I:/VBOX/RHEL5.4/5.4.vdi' 'I:/VBOX/RHEL5.4/5.4.clone.vdi'

参考:Virtualbox 复制vdi文件(UUID问题)

3、安装增强功能

3.1 将ISO挂载磁盘上:

D:\Program Files\Oracle\VirtualBox\VBoxGuestAdditions.iso

3.2 安装增强功能:

sudo mkdir /mnt/cdrom
sudo umount /mnt/cdrom
sudo mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom
cd /mnt/cdrom
ls
sudo ./VBoxLinuxAdditions.run  #确定没有failed
sudo reboot

4、通过xshell连接

4.1更新网络接入模式

修改网卡为 桥链网络模式
sudo reboot

4.2 安装ssh

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install ssh

# 查看ssh的状态
/etc/init.d/ssh status

------------------ 后续操作,可以从xshell进行访问----------------------------

5、更改ubutnu源

5.1 编辑源配置文件

cd /etc/apt/

sudo cp sources.list sources.list.org

编辑sodu vi sources.list,以阿里源替换

# deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 16.04 LTS _Xenial Xerus_ - Release amd64 (20160420.1)]/ xenial main restricted
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial main restricted #Added by software-properties
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted multiverse universe #Added by software-properties
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted multiverse universe #Added by software-properties
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial universe
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse #Added by software-properties
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu xenial partner
deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu xenial partner
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted multiverse universe #Added by software-properties
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security universe
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security multiverse

清华源:

deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted
deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted
deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial universe
deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe
deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial multiverse
deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates multiverse
deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted
deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-security universe
deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-security multiverse

5.2 源生效

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade
sudo apt-get install build-essential

有时候执行很慢,Ctrl+C后,再次执行,一直卡在

0% [Waiting for headers]

解决方法:

sudo apt-get clean
sudo apt-get update 

6. 固定IP和DNS

vbox桥连方式,默认dhcp分配IP地址,导致每次重新启动服务器地址均发生改变,不方便维护。

6.1 修改IP地址

编辑配置文件sudo vi /etc/network/interfaces

auto ens33
iface ens33 inet static
address 192.168.1.131
netmask 255.255.255.0
gateway 192.168.1.1

重启网络生效:sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart

ubuntu从17.10开始,已放弃在/etc/network/interface里固定IP的配置,即使配置也不会生效,而是改成netplan方式

sudo vim /etc/netplan/00-installer-config.yaml

# This is the network config written by 'subiquity'
network:
  ethernets:
    enp0s3:
      dhcp4: no
      addresses: [192.168.1.103/24]
      optional: true
      gateway4: 192.168.1.1
      nameservers:
              addresses: [192.168.1.1]
  version: 2

执行sudo netplan apply 配置生效。

6.2 配置DNS

永久生效,修改:/etc/resolvconf/resolv.conf.d/base

临时生效,修改:/etc/resolv.conf(重启后恢复)

增加DNS的解析地址为:

nameserver 192.168.1.1

然后重启,使得dns生效

7. 同宿主机挂着共享目录

当vbox挂着共享目录,需要安装增加包时,报:

是否要强制分配该介质(VERR_PDM_MEDIA_LOCKED)

https://askubuntu.com/questions/573596/unable-to-install-guest-additions-cd-image-on-virtual-box

There is no need to mount the guest additions ISO and install from it if your guest OS is Ubuntu.

Instead, open a terminal and enter the following -

sudo apt-get install virtualbox-guest-utils

This will install the guest additions and is more or less equivalent to installing via the ISO.

配置共享目录后,应该在/media目录下下存在共享目录

设置好共享名后,进入Ubuntu系统,打开终端,先执行命令,在挂载点目录添加“bdshare”目录,接着执行"mount -t vboxsf BaiduShare /mnt/bdshare/",就能完成共享文件夹的设置。

8、配置python环境

安装anaconda环境

# 下载安装包
wget https://mirrors.bfsu.edu.cn/anaconda/archive/Anaconda3-2021.11-Linux-x86_64.sh

# 执行安装,需要输入yes
sh Anaconda3-2021.11-Linux-x86_64.s

# 安装后生效配置
source .bashrc

# 检验安装情况
conda -V
#(base) root@thirsd:/etc/netplan# conda -V
#conda 4.11.0

8.1 安装python3.6

 sudo apt-get update
 sudo apt-get upgrade
 sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
 sudo apt-get install build-essential python-dev python-setuptools python-pip python-smbus
 
 # 下载安装包
 wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.6.8/Python-3.6.8.tgz
 tar -zxvf Python-3.6.8.tgz
 
 # 需要安装zlib
 sudo apt-get install zlib-dev
 sudo apt-get install openssl
 
 # 编译
 ./configure  --prefix=/usr/local --enable-optimizations
 make&&sudo make install
 
 # 更改默认python
 sudo unlink /usr/bin/python
 sudo ln -s /usr/local/bin/python3.6 /usr/bin/python
 sudo unlink /usr/bin/pip
 sudo ln -s /usr/local/bin/pip3.6 /usr/bin/pip
 

8.1 安装pip

sudo apt-get install python-pip

8.2 更改pip源和升级pip

mkdir ~/.pip/
vi  ~/.pip/pip.conf
[global]
index-url = https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple

升级pip

sudo pip install --upgrade pip

8.2 安装virtual-env

sudo pip install virtualenv

附问题:

1) 菜单重新显示和快捷键

将虚拟机窗口的菜单给隐藏了,VirtualBox设有热键,也就是Host key,默认为右Ctrl键。

如果你也不小心隐藏了菜单,你可以这样解决。

首先进入虚拟机,然后按你的Host key+Home键,就会弹出菜单栏,然后选择Switch to scale mode,隐藏的菜单就会重新显示了。

或可以直接按Host key+C,也能达到同样的效果。

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