Pytest03-pytest命令行参数
2020-07-05 本文已影响0人
Surpassme
3.pytest命令行参数
3.1 pytest控制台信息详解
通常在运行pytest之后，会出现如下所示的控制台信息：
C:\Users\Surpass\Documents\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01>pytest test_01.py
==================test session starts =======================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1
rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\Documents\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01
collected 2 items
test_01.py .F [100%]
===================FAILURES =================================
__________________ test_add_02 ______________________________
def test_add_02():
> assert Add(3,4)==6
E assert 7 == 6
E + where 7 = Add(3, 4)
test_01.py:12: AssertionError
================ short test summary info ====================
FAILED test_01.py::test_add_02 - assert 7 == 6
=============== 1 failed, 1 passed in 0.56s ==================
- ===== test session starts =====
测试会话分隔符，代表启动了一个新的调用
- platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1
当前运行的平台，Python、pytest、pytest包的版本等信息
- rootdir
当前起始目录，pytest搜索测试代码时使用的目录
- collected 2 items
在搜索的目录中找到的测试函数个数
- test_01.py .F
test_01.py代表测试文件
- FAILED
未通过的测试函数的失败原因
- 1 failed, 1 passed in 0.14s
统计测试函数通过和未通过的数量及运行时间
3.2 Pytest运行结果类型
在Pytest中，测试函数可能会返回多种结果，不像传统的单元测试框架，仅显示通过和失败。以下是可能返回的结果：
- PASSED（.）
测试通过。预期成功，实际成功
- F（FAILED）
表示测试未通过，也可能是XPASS状态与strict选项造成的冲突。预期成功，实际失败
- SKIPPED（s）
测试函数未执行，即该运行测试时跳过该测试函数，常用测试标记@pytest.mark.skip()或@pytest.mark.skipif()指定跳过测试的条件
- xfail(x)
期望测试失败，而且确实失败。常用测试标记@pytest.mark.xfail()来指定认为会失败的测试函数。预期失败，实际失败
- XPASS（X）
期望测试失败，但实际结果却是运行通过，即不符合预期。预期失败，实际成功
- ERROR(E)
运行测试函数时，出现异常或错误，可能由fixture引起
3.3 Pytest命令行参数
很多时候，运行单元测试框架并不需要界面，更多的时候采用命令行的形式执行，pytest也提供很多的命令行参数，获取命令行参数帮助如下所示：
pytest --help
usage: pytest [options] [file_or_dir] [file_or_dir] [...]
positional arguments:
file_or_dir
general:
-x, --exitfirst exit instantly on first error or failed test.
下面来学习一些常用的命令行参数
3.3.1 --collect-only
该参数仅收集测试函数，但并不执行运行操作。如下所示：
C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01>pytest --collect-only
============================= test session starts ================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1
rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01
collected 3 items
<Module test_01.py>
<Function test_add_01>
<Function test_add_02>
<Module test_02.py>
<Function test_requestBaidu>
3.3.2 -k Expression
-k选项允许使用表达式来指定期望运行的测试函数。常用于筛选要进行运行的测试函数。在以下示例中，仅运行当前及其子目录中测试函数名含request或temp的测试函数，源代码如下所示：
- test_01.py
import pytest
# First of sample function
def Add(x:int,y:int)->int:
return x+y
# First of test function
def test_add_01():
assert Add(2,3)==5
def test_add_02():
assert Add(3,4)==6
def test_request_01():
assert Add(4,3)==7
def test_temp_01():
assert Add(8,3)==11
- test_02.py
import requests
import pytest
url = "http://www.baidu.com"
port = 80
def test_requestBaidu():
testUrl=f"{url}:{port}"
r=requests.get(url=testUrl,timeout=10)
content=r.content.decode("utf8")
print(content)
assert "bai" in content
以下先验证筛选的结果是否正确：
C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01>pytest -k "request or temp" --collect-only
============================== test session starts =======================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1
rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01
collected 5 items / 2 deselected / 3 selected
<Module test_01.py>
<Function test_request_01>
<Function test_temp_01>
<Module test_02.py>
<Function test_requestBaidu>
=========================== 2 deselected in 2.36s =================================
实际运行结果：
C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01>pytest -k "request or temp" -v
======================== test session starts ======================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1 -- d:\program files\python\python.exe
cachedir: .pytest_cache
rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01
collected 5 items / 2 deselected / 3 selected
test_01.py::test_request_01 PASSED [ 33%]
test_01.py::test_temp_01 PASSED [ 66%]
test_02.py::test_requestBaidu PASSED [100%]
====================== 3 passed, 2 deselected in 0.52s ==============================
3.3.3 -m MarkExpr
该选项常用于标记测试并分组，方便快速运行选中的测试函数，具体的标记可以自定义，可以使用装饰器@pytest.mark。示例如下：
- test_01.py
import pytest
# First of sample function
def Add(x:int,y:int)->int:
return x+y
@pytest.mark.TestMark
# First of test function
def test_add_01():
assert Add(2,3)==5
def test_add_02():
assert Add(3,4)==6
@pytest.mark.RunThisTestFunc
def test_request_01():
assert Add(4,3)==7
def test_temp_01():
assert Add(8,3)==11
- test_01.py
import requests
import pytest
url = "http://www.baidu.com"
port = 80
@pytest.mark.RunThisTestFunc
def test_requestBaidu():
testUrl=f"{url}:{port}"
r=requests.get(url=testUrl,timeout=10)
content=r.content.decode("utf8")
print(content)
assert "bai" in content
运行结果如下所示：
C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01>pytest -m "RunThisTestFunc or not TestMark" --collect-only
=========================== test session starts ====================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1
rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01
collected 5 items / 1 deselected / 4 selected
<Module test_01.py>
<Function test_add_02>
<Function test_request_01>
<Function test_temp_01>
<Module test_02.py>
<Function test_requestBaidu>
C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01>pytest -m "RunThisTestFunc or not TestMark" -v
========================== test session starts =======================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1 -- d:\program files\python\python.exe
cachedir: .pytest_cache
rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01
collected 5 items / 1 deselected / 4 selected
test_01.py::test_add_02 FAILED [ 25%]
test_01.py::test_request_01 PASSED [ 50%]
test_01.py::test_temp_01 PASSED [ 75%]
test_02.py::test_requestBaidu PASSED [100%]
3.3.4 -x, --exitfirst
正常情况下，pytest会运行每一个搜索到的测试函数，如果某个测试函数断言失败或触发了异常，则该测试函数的运行就停止了，此时pytest会将其标记为失败，然后继续运行后续的测试函数，这也是我们期望的运行模式。那如果我们希望在某一个测试函数在运行失败，则中断不再运行后续的测试函数，此时就可以使用-x选项。
C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01>pytest -x
========================== test session starts =========================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1
rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01
collected 6 items
test_01.py .F
=============================== FAILURES ==========================================
_____________________________________________________ test_add_02 _____________________________________________________
def test_add_02():
> assert Add(3,4)==6
E assert 7 == 6
E + where 7 = Add(3, 4)
test_01.py:13: AssertionError
==================== 1 failed, 1 passed, 3 warnings in 0.32s =========================
从输出的信息可以看出，总共有6个测试函数，而在运行第2个测试函数，断言失败，则停止整个运行过程，因此，仅运行了2个测试函数，一个测试通过，一个测试失败。
3.3.5 --maxfail=num
-x选项的特点是一遇到失败，就会直接全部停止。而如果想要pytest在失败n次后再停止，则可通过选项-maxfail指定允许失败的次数。
import pytest
# First of sample function
def Add(x:int,y:int)->int:
return x+y
@pytest.mark.TestMark
# First of test function
def test_add_01():
assert Add(2,3)==5
def test_add_02():
assert Add(3,4)==6
@pytest.mark.RunThisTestFunc
def test_request_01():
assert Add(4,3)==7
def test_temp_01():
assert Add(8,3)==12
运行结果如下所示：
C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01>pytest --maxfail=2
=============================== test session starts =====================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1
rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01
collected 6 items
test_01.py .F.F
================================= FAILURES ==========================================
_________________________________ test_add_02 __________________________________________
def test_add_02():
> assert Add(3,4)==6
E assert 7 == 6
E + where 7 = Add(3, 4)
test_01.py:13: AssertionError
________________________________ test_temp_01 _________________________________________
def test_temp_01():
> assert Add(8,3)==12
E assert 11 == 12
E + where 11 = Add(8, 3)
test_01.py:20: AssertionError
====================== 2 failed, 2 passed, 3 warnings in 0.35s =========================
如果--maxfail=1，则功能与-x一样
3.3.6 --lf --last-failed
当一个或多个测试函数运行失败后，我们常常希望能够定位到最后一个运行失败的测试函数，并且希望能重新运行，这时则可以使用--lf选项
C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01>pytest --lf
============================== test session starts ====================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1
rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01
collected 4 items / 2 deselected / 2 selected
run-last-failure: rerun previous 2 failures (skipped 3 files)
test_01.py FF [100%]
=================================== FAILURES ==========================================
____________________________ test_add_02 ________________________________________
def test_add_02():
> assert Add(3,4)==6
E assert 7 == 6
E + where 7 = Add(3, 4)
test_01.py:13: AssertionError
_____________________________________test_temp_01 _________________________________________
def test_temp_01():
> assert Add(8,3)==12
E assert 11 == 12
E + where 11 = Add(8, 3)
test_01.py:20: AssertionError
==================== 2 failed, 2 deselected, 2 warnings in 0.13s =============================
3.3.7 --ff --failed-first
--ff选项与--lf选项功能基本相同，不同之处如下所示：
--ff 先运行上次失败的测试函数再运行完剩余的测试函数
--lf 仅运行上次失败的测试函数
C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01>pytest --ff
=============================== test session starts =======================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1
rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01
collected 6 items
run-last-failure: rerun previous 2 failures first
test_01.py FF.. [ 66%]
test_02.py . [ 83%]
test_03.py . [100%]
================================= FAILURES ======================================
______________________________________test_add_02 ____________________________________________
def test_add_02():
> assert Add(3,4)==6
E assert 7 == 6
E + where 7 = Add(3, 4)
test_01.py:13: AssertionError
_______________________________________ test_temp_01 _________________________________________
def test_temp_01():
> assert Add(8,3)==12
E assert 11 == 12
E + where 11 = Add(8, 3)
test_01.py:20: AssertionError
======================== 2 failed, 4 passed, 3 warnings in 1.88s ======================
3.3.8 -v --verbose
使用-v/--verbose，常用于输出详细的运行信息。最主要的区别是每个文件中的每个测试函数都占用一行（之前是每一个文件占用一行），测试的结果和名字都会显示出来，而不再在是一个点或字符，如下所示：
C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01>pytest --ff --tb=no -v
======================== test session starts =====================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1 -- d:\program files\python\python.exe
cachedir: .pytest_cache
rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01
collected 6 items
run-last-failure: rerun previous 2 failures first
test_01.py::test_add_02 FAILED [ 16%]
test_01.py::test_temp_01 FAILED [ 33%]
test_01.py::test_add_01 PASSED [ 50%]
test_01.py::test_request_01 PASSED [ 66%]
test_02.py::test_requestBaidu PASSED [ 83%]
test_03.py::test_request PASSED [100%]
====================== 2 failed, 4 passed, 3 warnings in 0.93s =============================
如果运行是彩色终端，则FAILED为红色字体，PASS为绿色字体。
3.3.9 -q --quiet
该选项与-v功能相反，该选项会输出简化信息，只保留核心信息。如下所示：
C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01>pytest --ff --tb=line -q
FF.... [100%]
======================================== FAILURES ====================================
C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01\test_01.py:13: assert 7 == 6
C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01\test_01.py:20: assert 11 == 12
2 failed, 4 passed, 3 warnings in 1.34s
3.3.10 --tb=style
--tb参数主要决定捕捉到失败后的输出信息的显示方式。其可选值为 auto/long/short/line/native/no，其常用模式解释如下：
- auto模式：默认值，如果有多个测试函数失败，仅打印第一个和最后一个用例的回溯信息
- long模式：输出的信息最详细
- short模式：仅输出assert的一行及系统判定内容，不显示上下文
- line模式：只使用一行输出显示所有的错误信息
- native模式：只输出Python标准库的回溯信息，不显示额外信息
- no模式：直接屏蔽全部回溯信息
以上模式常用模式为：short/line/no
某个测试函数运行失败后，pytest会列举出失败信息，包括失败出现在哪一行，什么原因导致的失败，该过程称之为信息回溯
示例如下所示：
C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01>pytest -v --tb=line
============================ test session starts ================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1 -- d:\program files\python\python.exe
cachedir: .pytest_cache
rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01
collected 6 items
test_01.py::test_add_01 PASSED [ 16%]
test_01.py::test_add_02 FAILED [ 33%]
test_01.py::test_request_01 PASSED [ 50%]
test_01.py::test_temp_01 FAILED [ 66%]
test_02.py::test_requestBaidu PASSED [ 83%]
test_03.py::test_request PASSED [100%]
==================================== FAILURES ==========================================
C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01\test_01.py:13: assert 7 == 6
C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01\test_01.py:20: assert 11 == 12
========================= 2 failed, 4 passed, 3 warnings in 2.10s ===========================
3.3.11 --durations=N
--durations=N 该选项不关注测试具体的运行过程，只统计测试过程中哪向个阶段最慢，因此使用该选项可以加快测试分节奏，显示运行最慢的N个阶段，耗时越长越靠前，如果--durations=0，则将所有阶段的耗时从长到短排序后显示。示例如下所示：
C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01>pytest --durations=3 --tb=line -v
============================test session starts ==========================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1 -- d:\program files\python\python.exe
cachedir: .pytest_cache
rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01
collected 6 items
test_01.py::test_add_01 PASSED [ 16%]
test_01.py::test_add_02 FAILED [ 33%]
test_01.py::test_request_01 PASSED [ 50%]
test_01.py::test_temp_01 FAILED [ 66%]
test_02.py::test_requestBaidu PASSED [ 83%]
test_03.py::test_request PASSED [100%]
=============================== FAILURES =========================================
C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01\test_01.py:13: assert 7 == 6
C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01\test_01.py:20: assert 11 == 12
=============================== warnings summary ======================================
================================ slowest 3 test durations =================================
0.50s call test_03.py::test_request
0.06s call test_02.py::test_requestBaidu
(0.00 durations hidden. Use -vv to show these durations.)
======================= 2 failed, 4 passed, 3 warnings in 0.93s ===========================
3.3.12 -h --help
以上仅仅是常用的一些选项，更多选项可通过-h或--help来进行查看，通过该选项不但能展示原生pytest的用法，还能展示新添加插件的选项和用法。
