进食障碍系列1-暴饮暴食?还是茶饭不思?谁说你作, 你可能是病了
今天,营养君想谈论一个严肃的话题:
进食障碍,
别名饮食失调。
百度百科有云:“进食障碍是进食行为异常为显著特征的一组综合征”。大家肯定或多或少都曾有所耳闻,但在大多数人的认知里,这是一种传闻里才听得到的心理问题,甚至不能和我们通常理解的疾病画上等号。
在读完这篇文章后,营养君最希望宝宝们能够记住的信息是:进食障碍是一种不容忽视的疾病,极有可能危及生命,请务必要即时就医。
根据现有的统计,在美国,至少有3000万人患有进食障碍症,每62分钟至少有一人直接死于进食障碍,进食障碍是所有精神疾病中死亡率最高的 (1)。
如今,大家最常听到的可能导致死亡的精神疾病大概是抑郁症了,但这些触目惊心的数据诉说着另一个同样可怕的事实。
上海2012调研结果:儿童青少年患病率1.4%,十年内住院率增长约3倍 (2)。但是营养君在找资料是,并没有找到确切的数据记载。这代表着进食障碍还未在国内引起足够的公众注意,而患者们也较难找到相关的医疗机构。
造成进食障碍的原因有很多,最常见的是过度关注体重或体型而导致饮食失调,但基因、性格障碍、其余伴随的心理问题和社会家庭环境也是不可忽略的因素。
小编绵绵冰在蒙村的道格拉斯精神健康医院实习期间,见到了许多隐藏在体重背后超乎想象的原因:
患有社交困难用进食障碍来换取大家同情心
父母闹离婚用限食来挽留双方,
患有焦虑症用食物来安抚情绪,
曾遭受性侵犯用暴食让自己身材不再性感,
过度健康饮食导致对越来越多的食物产生疑问……
虽然问题始于这些原因,但大多数患者往往意识不到长期下来的严重程度以及如何重新正常地吃饭了。
虽然所有人都有可能会受到进食障碍的困扰,但青少年和年轻女性的比例高于男性,因为青春期的女孩子发育后开始更加注意自己的外貌,而我们的社会普遍对女性的身材管理要求更加严格。
之前大热的反手摸肚脐,A4腰,锁骨放硬币等挑战都是冲着女孩子们来的。
通过今天的科普,希望大家可以对身边有类似问题的朋友,或者自己,给予更多的理解和支持。
接下来营养君带你来看看
DSM-5认证的进食障碍的六大类别:
这个种类是所有进食障碍中最常见的,有不同的子类型,也是死亡率最高的。患者由于恐惧发胖而极力阻止体重增加,通常会不同程度地限制能量摄入从而导致体重明显降低。这个障碍会扭曲患者对自我体重的认知,无论真实的体重有多低,哪怕在别人看来已经骨瘦如柴,他们依然会觉得自己很胖。
代表性的行为包括:过度节食,选择低卡低脂肪食物,日常称体重,不相信别人的评价和客观的数据指数,做事有完美主义倾向,自我不认可和逃避社交。
不少国内外的明星和模特都受到过厌食症的困扰。其中,陈鲁豫就是厌食症的一个代表人物。
曾经的脱口秀女王有着优秀的主持能力,但体重长期受到了观众的质疑,不少人对她的印象依旧停留在一顿饭吃7粒米。鲁豫在自传里写到:她照镜子时,并不觉得自己瘦的可怕,而是感悟到,在内心深处,她永远是童年时胖乎乎的小女孩,渴望拥有修长的双腿。
很多人都在想:“他们不饿吗?”。实际上,在长期不进食和忽视身体发出的信号后,饥饿感是会消失的。
厌食症的症状包括:停经,异常消瘦,低血压,低血糖,心搏徐缓,营养不良,等等。严重程度由体重指数来判断。而最终导致死亡的原因通常是并发症,比如器官衰竭,营养不良和电解质失衡。
This is the most common eating disorder, having different subtypes and the highest mortality rate. Patients struggle to prevent weight gain due to the intense fear of getting fat. Induce significant weight loss by limiting energy intake at various degrees. This disorder can distort the patient's perception of their own weight. No matter how low their real weight is, or how abnormally skinny other people tell them, they still feel very fat. Representative behaviours include: excessive dieting, selecting low-calorie or low-fat foods, daily self-weighting, distrust of others' comments and objective data, the tendency of perfectionism, self-denial and social withdrawal.Patients lose their hunger signals after long-term fasting. Symptoms of anorexia nervosa include amenorrhea, abnormal weight loss, hypotension, hypoglycemia, bradycardia, malnutrition, etc. The level of severity is determined by BMI. The death is usually caused by comorbidities such as organ failure, malnutrition, electrolyte imbalance or suicide.
百度百科的定义为:“反复发作性暴食,并伴随防止体重增加的补偿性行为”。医学的诊断要求要满足以下两个症状:
1. 在一定时间内(2小时内)内吃下大量的食物
2. 每次发作时伴有失控,无法控制食量或停止
每一次的暴饮暴食通常会在感到痛苦的饱腹感后才停止。这种症状并不仅仅是单纯的贪吃,而是心理和行为障碍导致的一种病态。
小编在实习时,一个女病人自诉到每次暴食时吃的并不是自己很喜欢甚至于好吃的食物,而是有什么吃什么:比如会在面条里加入家里所有的调味酱,无论味道如何都会发狂似的往嘴里填。
这些患者通常会有一个“禁忌食品”的单子,上面列有可能诱惑症状发作的食物,并随着时间变得越来越多。但人性就是如此,越是禁止反而诱惑力就越大,从而导致日复一日的失控。贪食症的严重程度会根据症状发作的频率来判断。
为了防止每次的暴食导致增重或者减少负罪感,继而会采取不适当的行为来补偿:比如禁食,诱导呕吐,过度运动,服用泻药或功能各异的减肥药。但禁食通常也是恶性循环的开端,白天不吃饭带来的饥饿感会激发晚上的失控。
和厌食症相似的地方是,暴食症患者也很在乎体重和体型控制,缺乏自信心和月经不规律。不同的是体重经常上下起伏长期下来反而会上升,易冲动和情绪不稳定。
常见的症状有食道管撕裂,肠胃疾病,脱水,等等。而导致死亡的原因通常是长期呕吐->电解质失衡->心脏骤停(牙齿和手指上会留下酸性腐蚀的痕迹)。
The official definition is "recurrent episodes of binge eating, accompanied by inappropriate compensatory behaviours to prevent weight gain." Characterized by BOTH of the following:Eating in a discrete amount of time (within a 2 hour period) large amounts of food.Sense of lack of control over eating during an episode.Every binge usually stops when feeling painfully full. These patients usually have a list of “forbidden foods” including foods that may trigger the onset of binges, and becomes longer over time. The severity level of bulimia is determined by the frequency of binging.In order to prevent weight gain or reduce the guilty feeling, inappropriate purging actions are taken, such as fasting, self-induced vomiting, excessive exercising, taking laxatives or different weight-loss drugs. However, fasting is usually the beginning of a vicious circle. The hunger caused by not eating during the day will trigger the loss of control at night.People with bulimia have excessive concerns about their weight and body shape, low self-esteem and irregular menstruation. The difference is that their weight fluctuates but increases over time, being impulsive and emotionally unstable. Common symptoms are esophageal tears, gastrointestinal problems, dehydration, and so on. The cause of death is usually caused by long-term vomiting -> electrolyte imbalance -> cardiac arrest (marks of acid corrosion on the teeth and fingers).
暴食症和贪食症的症状相似,除了没有补偿行为。
患者会因为怕丢人而隐藏自己的行为,所以通常单独吃饭。
而一次又一次的暴食会让他们很厌恶自己没有克制力,罪恶感爆棚,甚至伴有抑郁症。
但暴食也分为客观和主观暴食,客观是常人公认的大量饮食,而主观是患者个人认为的。比如,有些患者会因为吃了几块小饼干而感到崩溃并将其视为失控。
这个人群存在以下的特点:
长期的体重增加,或患有肥胖症,易怒烦躁,用食物作为情绪和压力的发泄。
大家可能都有过这样的经历,或是和朋友聚餐或是一段忙碌后用美食犒劳自己,吃得又多卡路里又高。但是,只要你们在吃的时候感到是快乐而不是痛苦,贪嘴而不是失控,随之而来的是短暂的懊悔而不是长期的罪恶感,而且这样的经历不是频繁地重复,那就不用担心啦。
The symptoms of binge eating are similar to that of bulimia, except the absence of purging. However, binge eating is also divided into objective and subjective binges. Objective binge is a large quantity of food recognized by all people, and subjective is the patient's personal opinion. For example, some patients feel collapsed by eating a few small biscuits and see it as a loss of control.This group has the following characteristics: long-term weight gain, or obesity, irritability and anxiety, using food as a venting of emotions and stress.
4. 避免/限制性食物摄入障碍 Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)
这个类型的患者会对吃饭或食物明显缺乏兴趣,避免拥有同样感官特性的食物,或过度关注进食后可能会带来的不良反应。患者经常是孩子或精神很脆弱的人群。打个比方,在某一次吃饭时,患者经历了刻骨铭心的窒息,食物中毒或肠胃不适。从那以后,他会避开吃起来味道或口感一样的食物,并每次只选择个人认为安全的食物。
大家肯定都有过类似的经历,一次被蛇咬十年怕井绳。但此类患者的心理障碍是长期的并愈发严重,可以接受的食物越来越少,从而导致显著的体重减轻,营养不良,直到需要借助营养补充剂或肠内喂养来维持生命。和厌食症重要的区分在于此类患者并不执着于减肥。这些症状和食物缺乏或宗教文化没有联系。具体的心理原因还在研究中。
This type of patient has an apparent lack of interest in eating or food, avoidance based on the sensory characteristics of food or concern about aversive consequences of eating. Patients are often children or people who are mentally vulnerable. The psychological barriers of such patients are long-term and get worse over time. Less and less acceptable food lead to significant weight loss, malnutrition until nutritional supplements or enteral feeding are needed to sustain life. An important distinction between anorexia and ARFID is that such patients are not obsessed with losing weight. These symptoms are not linked to the lack of available food or religion/culture.
“异食癖是由于代谢机能紊乱,味觉异常和饮食管理不当等引起的一种非常复杂的多种疾病的综合征。”
患者会持续性地吃一些非营养的物质,比如土壤,灰尘,粉笔,肥皂,头发,衣服,羊毛,鹅卵石,洗衣粉,没有熟的玉米淀粉等等。虽然现在医学上更倾向认为是心理因素引起的,但和身体元素的缺乏似乎也有着密不可分的关系。
患者通常是孩子,孕妇,和精神病患。根据吃的东西,他们可能经历中毒,感染,肠道伤痛,营养不良的问题。如果他们吃的东西伤害力足够大,甚至会引起死亡。
Individuals with pica crave non-food substances such as dirt, soil, chalk, soap, paper, hair, cloth, wool, pebbles, laundry detergent or cornstarch. Patients are most frequently children, pregnant women and individuals with mental disabilities. Individuals with pica may be at an increased risk of poisoning, infections, gut injuries and nutrition deficiencies. Depending on the substances ingested, pica may be fatal.
这是一种比较罕见的症状。
患者会自主地将咽下不久的食物回流到口中,重新咀嚼,咽下或吐出。和不能控制的胃食道反流不一样,这个过程对患者来说不费力,不伴有不适感或恶心,反而会带来些许快感。患者人群不限。
This is a relatively rare disorder. The patient will repetitively regurgitate the swallowed food to the mouth to rechew, re-swallow or spit out. Unlike uncontrollable gastroesophageal reflux, this process is effortless for the patient, without discomfort or nausea, may even bringing some pleasure. The patient population is not limited.
进食障碍的患者自知在吃饭上出现了不正常的行为,常常会找各种理由避开和别人一起吃饭,如果家人也没有共同进餐的习惯,问题可能在会较严重时才会被发现。希望大家可以对朋友和家人多一些关心,多一些警惕。和所有的疾病一样,进食障碍的患病期超过半年就算长期的了,而且越久就越不好治,后遗症也越多。
以上的是进食障碍基本的分类,可能有患者会有不同种类混合的症状或一个种类个别的症状。心理和身体上的问题应被平等对待,给予同样的理解和重视。这些障碍的出现不代表你做错了什么或者没有自控力,及时寻求身边人和专业的帮助是关键。下一期营养君会简单科普进食障碍的治疗方法,希望能够帮到有需要的朋友。
文字:绵绵冰 排版:Lisa 图片:源自网络 △关注公众号,了解更多精彩。Reference
1. Eating Disorder Statistics. National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders. Retrieved from https://anad.org/education-and-awareness/about-eating-disorders/eating-disorders-statistics/
2. CSP2016:《中国进食障碍防治指南》第一版解读. 丁香园.Retrieved from http://meeting.dxy.cn/specials/csp2016/article/503144
3. American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Forman F.S. (2018 Nov.).
4. Eating disorders: Overview of epidemiology, clinical features, and diagnosis.