［20180712］三狮在心中－英格兰人还是英国人？
英文原文链接：
Three lions in their hearts
三狮在心中
English or British? Football highlights an enduring identity crisis
英格兰人还是英国人？足球凸显出一个长久的的身份危机
The English are supposed to be British, but the two are at odds with each other
英格兰人应该是英国人，但两者又互相矛盾
Jul 12th 2018
“ENGLAND is perhaps the only great country whose intellectuals are ashamed of their own nationality.” George Orwell’s perception is just as true today as it was when he wrote it in 1941; for though excitement drowned out more complex feelings during two blissful hours on July 11th when England might have beaten Croatia to go through to the final of the World Cup, one of the facets of Britain’s multi-faceted identity crisis is the ambivalence many English people feel about the flag under which their team plays.
“英格兰也许是唯一一个本国知识分子为其国籍感到羞耻的伟大国家了。”乔治.奥威尔在1941年写下的观点在当时和今日都一样真实适用。因为：7月11日，在英格兰队可能击败克罗地亚队进军世界杯决战的比赛中，尽管兴奋感在那让国人徜徉幸福的两个小时中淹没了更为复杂的情绪，但是众多英国人面对其国家足球队队旗时的矛盾心理还是体现出英国国民多面身份危机的其中一面。
Football is one of the few vehicles for the expression of Englishness. Unlike Britishness, which is grounded in a state, Englishness has no political institutions. So whereas Britishness is about ideas of citizenship, liberty and democracy, Englishness is rooted in the soil, and a history that stretches way back beyond the formation of the modern state—hence the three-lion arms of the medieval Plantagenetkings on the football team’s shirt.
足球算是表达英格兰特质的少数方式之一。与基于国家层面的英国特质相比， 英格兰特质无关政治制度。因此，虽然英国特质关乎公民身份、自由和民主思想，英格兰特质却植根那片土壤以及那远早于现代国家成形的深远历史－因此代表中世纪金雀花王朝国王的三狮纹章就印在了足球队队服上。
Like so many neglected identities, Englishness is reasserting itself. That started two decades ago, when the Euro ’96 football tournament—in which England played Scotland and fans south of the border dumped the union flag in favour of the St George Cross—coincided with the devolution of power to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. “People started to say: ‘If they’re them, who am I?’” says John Denham, a former Labour minister who is now director of Winchester University’s Centre for English Identity and Politics. The proportion of people in England describing themselves as primarily English rose, and is now significantly higher than those who describe themselves as primarily British.
像很多不受重视的身份一样，英格兰身份特质正为自己正名。这始于二十年前，1996年的欧洲杯英格兰队对抗苏格兰队，比赛恰逢对苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰的权力下放，当时英国南边界的球迷们扔掉了英国国旗米字旗（Union Jack）转而高举圣乔治十字旗（St George Cross）。“人们开始问：‘如果他们是英格兰人，那我是谁？’ ”前工党大臣现任温彻斯特大学英国身份和政治中心主任的约翰.德纳姆（John Denham）如是说。在英格兰，认为自己首先是英格兰人的人数比例上升了，如今明显高于认为自己更是英国人的人数比例。
That matters, because of the difference between the two. The “English”, a YouGov survey found, are older and associate England with “history, tradition and pageantry”. Young people and Londoners are more likely to see themselves as British than English, and to regard England as “a diverse place, home to people from many backgrounds”. A small group—7% overall, more of them young, Labour or Lib Dem—were embarrassed to identify as English. “This anti-English fraction is over-represented within the institutions of government, within the leadership of the public sector, within the media, within corporate capitalism and in academia—in short, a large part of what is sometimes called the elite,” said Mr Denham in a recent lecture.
这很重要，因为两者有别。一份YouGov的调查发现，“英格兰人” 往往年龄较大，并将英格兰与“历史、传统以及盛况”联系在一起。年轻人和伦敦人则更倾向于视自己为英国人而非英格兰人，认为英格兰是“多元之地，聚集着很多不同背景的人”。有约占英国总人口7%的小部分人都羞于自称为英格兰人，其中多数是年轻人、工党或者自由民主党（Lib Dem）。“这种反英格兰派在政府机构、公共部门领导层、媒体、企业资本主义以及学术界占据着大多数，或者简单说是有时被称之为精英的大多数，”德纳姆在最近一次演讲中说到。
This hostility has its roots in the successful refashioning of Britishness as an outward-looking identity which espouses multiculturalism. Englishness, by contrast, is increasingly regarded as insular and atavistic. The nomenclature of the country’s far-right party neatly illustrates the shift: 20 years ago, the big noise in small-time fascismwas the British National Party; now it is the English Defence League.
而这种敌意源于将英国特质成功重塑为外向型身份特质，即支持多元文化。相比之下，英格兰特质则越发被视作岛国性和返祖性。英国极右翼党派的命名更干脆地点明了这种转变：20年前，英国国家党大闹出了小规模法西斯主义，现在轮到英格兰防卫联盟闹了。
It is not just on the fringes of politics that Englishness is making an impact. It showed up in a Labour spat three years ago which would have been baffling to those unversedin the nuances of nationalistic symbolism. While campaigning at a by-election in a poor part of Kent, Emily Thornberry, a London MP and shadow cabinet minister, tweeted a picture of a modest terraced house with a white van and three St George flags in front of it. No explanation was provided, but it was widely understood to say: “OMG! Look at these awful bigots who live in this godforsaken place.” She resigned.
英格兰身份特质也不仅打着政治擦边球。它出现在三年前的工党口角中，对那些不暗民族象征上细微差别的国民来说这令他们感到困惑。伦敦国会议员兼影子内阁大臣的艾米莉.索恩伯里（Emily Thornberry）在肯特郡一个贫困区参加补选活动时，在推特上发布了一张停着一辆白色面包车的平房照片，房子前还挂着三面圣乔治十字旗。她没有附注任何说明，但人们普遍想：“天啊！看看这些住在穷乡僻壤的可怕的偏执狂们。”艾米莉后来辞职了。
Englishness helped the Conservatives win the 2015 election. Their campaign in England exploited fears that if Labour won, it would ally with the Scottish National Party. And Englishness played a big part in the referendum, too: 73% of those who defined themselves as English voted to leave, and 66% of those who defined themselves as British voted to remain.
英格兰身份特质还帮助保守党赢得了2015年大选：他们在英格兰的竞选活动中激发出人们的隐忧，即如果工党获选，它会与苏格兰民族党结盟。甚至英国脱欧公投也有英格兰身份特质的担当：73％自称为英格兰人的选民投票脱欧，而66％自称为英国人的选民选择留在欧盟。
The English have, thus, had their revenge on those contemptuous intellectuals, but the hostility has harmed the country. For the two to be reconciled, Mr Denham believes, England must be given a parliament to match those in Britain’s peripheries. And perhaps football will do its bit: it is hard to cheer England’s black, brown and white players, lions proudly displayed on their chests, and insist that Englishness is steeped in racism.
英格兰人以这样的方式报复了那些自大的知识分子们，但这种敌意已经伤害到这个国家了。德纳姆认为，两派和解的前提必是让英国有一个与其邻国相匹的国家议会。或许足球也能出点力：三只狮子骄傲地横在球员胸部，并且坚信英格兰特质已经融入种族主义了，这样还怎么给英国兰队的黑、棕、白皮肤的球员喝彩呢？
This article appeared in the Britain section of the print edition under the headline "Three lions in their hearts"
译注：
Plantagenet金雀花王朝
the family name of a line of English kings that reigned from 1154 to 1485
推荐看一部BBC拍摄的同名纪录片
圣乔治十字（Saint George's Cross／Cross of Saint George）
白底红十字符号，被十字军采用，最后成为了英格兰旗帜。它与圣乔治的关联是圣乔治常被称作成“战士的圣人”（warrior saint），而在中世纪后期他常被描绘成十字军的形象。
联合杰克（Union Jack），又称联合旗（Union Flag）
英国国旗。现在的联合杰克的图案开始于1801年大不列颠王国和爱尔兰王国合并[4]，设计融合了代表英格兰的圣乔治十字、代表苏格兰的圣安德鲁十字和代表爱尔兰的圣派翠克十字。值得一提的是联合杰克中没有任何代表威尔士的要素。
Liberal Democrats 自由民主党(英国)
The Liberal Democrats (often referred to as the Lib Dems) are a liberalpolitical party in the United Kingdom. The party was formed in 1988 from a merger of the Liberal Partyand the Social Democratic Party(SDP), who had formed theSDP–Liberal Alliancefor the seven years prior.
Corporate capitalism 企业资本主义
Corporate capitalism is a term used to describe a capitalistmarketplace characterized by the dominance of hierarchical, bureaucraticcorporations.
A large proportion of the economy of the United States and its labour marketfalls within corporate control. In the developed world, corporations dominate the marketplace, comprising 50% or more of all businesses. Those businesses which are not corporations contain the same bureaucratic structure of corporations, but there is usually a sole owner or group of owners who are liable to bankruptcyand criminal charges relating to their business. Corporations have limited liabilityand remain less regulated and accountable than sole proprietorships.
British National Party英国国家党
The British National Party (BNP) is a far-rightBritish nationalistpolitical party. It was formed by John Tyndallin 1982 from the merging of several political parties, and from 1999 to 2014 was led by Nick Griffin. In July 2014, Griffin stepped down as chairman and was succeeded by a former teacher, Adam Walker. The party advocates "voluntary resettlement whereby immigrants and their descendants are afforded the opportunity to return to their lands of ethnic origin."
英国国家党是一个英国极右派政党。为于1982年由John Tyndall带领从国民阵线分裂出来，1999年－2014年以来都由Nick Griffin担任领导。2009年欧洲议会选举，国家党首次取得议席，赢得2个席位。英国国家党作为知名的极右翼政党，反移民、反伊斯兰、反对多元文化，素来被认为是英国的纳粹党。然而近年来，随着欧盟东扩，移民和种族问题在英国日益突出，英国国家党逐渐获得了更多支持者。
English Defence League 英格兰防卫联盟
The English Defence League (EDL) is a far-rightstreet protestmovement which focuses on opposition to what it considers to be a spread of Islamismand Shariain the United Kingdom. The EDL has been described as Islamophobic.
