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ios笔记: block 详细解析

2017-05-11  本文已影响32人  显生宙

Block 就是 Objective-C 语言对于闭包的实现。

在编程语言中,闭包是函数或引用环境的函数的一个函数或引用 - 一个存储对该函数的每个非局部变量(也称为自由变量或更高值)的引用的表。by wikipedia translate

这篇文章主要解析一下几点

  1. block 从源码分析其原理
  2. block 的内存管理
  3. block 通过什么方式来修改外部变量
struct Block_descriptor {
    unsigned long int reserved;
    unsigned long int size;
    void (*dispose)(void *);
    void (*copy)(void *dst, void *src);
};
struct Block_layout {
    void *isa;
    int flags;
    int reserved;
    void (*invoke)(void *, ...);
    struct Block_descriptor *descriptor;
};

一个block由几部分构成:

  1. isa指针,所有对象都存在该指针,用于实现对象的相关功能
  2. flags, 用于表示一些block的附加信息
  3. reserved,保留变量值
  4. invoke,指向实现函数调用地址
  5. descriptor,描述信息,copy函数指针,
    size大小{(sizeof(struct __main_block_impl_0))}等

block类型


首先我们看一下block的几个类型:
NSConcreteGlobalBlock:全局静态block,不会访问外部变量
NSConcreteStackBlock: 存在栈中的block,当函数作用域结束或者返回时被销毁
NSConcreteMallocBlock:存在堆中的block,内部由引用计数器管理是否销毁

block 从源码分析其原理

使用 clang 命令可以查看源码

clang -rewrite-objc main.m
NSConcreteGlobalBlock 类型
int main(int argc, char * argv[]) {
    @autoreleasepool {
        ^{ };
        return 0;
    }
}

将上面的代码通过命令得到main.cpp文件, 剔除无关代码

struct __block_impl {
    void *isa;
    int Flags;
    int Reserved;
    void *FuncPtr;
};
struct __main_block_impl_0 {
    struct __block_impl impl;
    struct __main_block_desc_0* Desc;
    __main_block_impl_0(void *fp, struct __main_block_desc_0 *desc, int flags=0) {
        impl.isa = &_NSConcreteStackBlock;
        impl.Flags = flags;
        impl.FuncPtr = fp;
        Desc = desc;
    }
};
static void __main_block_func_0(struct __main_block_impl_0 *__cself) {
}
static struct __main_block_desc_0 {
    size_t reserved;
    size_t Block_size;
} __main_block_desc_0_DATA = { 0, sizeof(struct __main_block_impl_0) };
int main(int argc, char * argv[]) {
    /* @autoreleasepool */ { __AtAutoreleasePool __autoreleasepool; 
        ((void (*)())&__main_block_impl_0((void *)__main_block_func_0, &__main_block_desc_0_DATA));
        return 0;
    }
}

__main_block_impl_0 其实就是block的实现,从它我们可以看出:

  1. block由isa、Flags、Reserved 组成,它其实就是一个对象
  2. 源码中 isa 指向了** _NSConcreteStackBlock**,但是在开启ARC 的 LLVM中 block 应该是指向 _NSConcreteGlobalBlock类型。
  3. impl为函数指针,指向 __main_block_func_0
NSConcreteStackBlock类型
int main(int argc, char * argv[]) {
    @autoreleasepool {
        int stackValue;
        ^{ stackValue; };
        return 0;
    }
}

源码:

struct __main_block_impl_0 {
  struct __block_impl impl;
  struct __main_block_desc_0* Desc;
  int stackValue;
  __main_block_impl_0(void *fp, struct __main_block_desc_0 *desc, int _stackValue, int flags=0) : stackValue(_stackValue) {
    impl.isa = &_NSConcreteStackBlock;
    impl.Flags = flags;
    impl.FuncPtr = fp;
    Desc = desc;
  }
};
static void __main_block_func_0(struct __main_block_impl_0 *__cself) {
  int stackValue = __cself->stackValue; // bound by copy
 stackValue; }

static struct __main_block_desc_0 {
  size_t reserved;
  size_t Block_size;
} __main_block_desc_0_DATA = { 0, sizeof(struct __main_block_impl_0)};
int main(int argc, char * argv[]) {
    /* @autoreleasepool */ { __AtAutoreleasePool __autoreleasepool; 
        int stackValue;
        ((void (*)())&__main_block_impl_0((void *)__main_block_func_0, &__main_block_desc_0_DATA, stackValue));
        return 0;
    }
}
  1. isa 指向了_NSConcreteStackBlock类型
  2. __main_block_impl_0 中增加了变量 ** int stackValue; **,在blokc实际修改变量时,修改的是这个内部的变量,外部的变量不会改变

如果使用关键字 ** __block ** 来修饰stackValue变量

struct __Block_byref_stackValue_0 {
  void *__isa;
__Block_byref_stackValue_0 *__forwarding;
 int __flags;
 int __size;
 int stackValue;
};
struct __main_block_impl_0 {
  struct __block_impl impl;
  struct __main_block_desc_0* Desc;
  __Block_byref_stackValue_0 *stackValue; // by ref
  __main_block_impl_0(void *fp, struct __main_block_desc_0 *desc, __Block_byref_stackValue_0 *_stackValue, int flags=0) : stackValue(_stackValue->__forwarding) {
    impl.isa = &_NSConcreteStackBlock;
    impl.Flags = flags;
    impl.FuncPtr = fp;
    Desc = desc;
  }
};
static void __main_block_func_0(struct __main_block_impl_0 *__cself) {
  __Block_byref_stackValue_0 *stackValue = __cself->stackValue; // bound by ref
 (stackValue->__forwarding->stackValue); }
static void __main_block_copy_0(struct __main_block_impl_0*dst, struct __main_block_impl_0*src) {_Block_object_assign((void*)&dst->stackValue, (void*)src->stackValue, 8/*BLOCK_FIELD_IS_BYREF*/);}

static void __main_block_dispose_0(struct __main_block_impl_0*src) {_Block_object_dispose((void*)src->stackValue, 8/*BLOCK_FIELD_IS_BYREF*/);}

static struct __main_block_desc_0 {
  size_t reserved;
  size_t Block_size;
  void (*copy)(struct __main_block_impl_0*, struct __main_block_impl_0*);
  void (*dispose)(struct __main_block_impl_0*);
} __main_block_desc_0_DATA = { 0, sizeof(struct __main_block_impl_0), __main_block_copy_0, __main_block_dispose_0};
int main(int argc, char * argv[]) {
    /* @autoreleasepool */ { __AtAutoreleasePool __autoreleasepool; 
        __attribute__((__blocks__(byref))) __Block_byref_stackValue_0 stackValue = {(void*)0,(__Block_byref_stackValue_0 *)&stackValue, 0, sizeof(__Block_byref_stackValue_0)};
;
        ((void (*)())&__main_block_impl_0((void *)__main_block_func_0, &__main_block_desc_0_DATA, (__Block_byref_stackValue_0 *)&stackValue, 570425344));
        return 0;
    }
}

__Block_byref_id_object_copy、__Block_byref_id_object_dispose,以实现对对象内存的管理。其中两者的最后一个参数131表示BLOCK_BYREF_CALLER|BLOCK_FIELD_IS_OBJECT,BLOCK_BYREF_CALLER表示在内部实现中不对a对象进行retain或copy

if ((flags & BLOCK_BYREF_CALLER) == BLOCK_BYREF_CALLER) {
    ...
    else {
        // do *not* retain or *copy* __block variables whatever they are
        _Block_assign((void *)object, destAddr);
    }
}
  1. 源码中加入了 __Block_byref_stackValue_0 结构体,保存临时变量 stackValue
  2. 在__main_block_func_0中使用 ** __forwarding** 来保证变量始终在堆中
  3. __Block_byref_stackValue_0 也是一个对象
  4. 我们需要管理相应的内存,在__main_block_desc_0 中加入了copy 和 dispose
NSConcreteMallocBlock类型

NSConcreteMallocBlock 无法查看具体源码,我们可以根据一个实力代码来查看 NSConcreteMallocBlock类型

static void *_Block_copy_internal(const void *arg, const int flags) {
    struct Block_layout *aBlock;
    const bool wantsOne = (WANTS_ONE & flags) == WANTS_ONE;

    // 1
    if (!arg) return NULL;

    // 2
    aBlock = (struct Block_layout *)arg;

    // 3
    if (aBlock->flags & BLOCK_NEEDS_FREE) {
        // latches on high
        latching_incr_int(&aBlock->flags);
        return aBlock;
    }

    // 4
    else if (aBlock->flags & BLOCK_IS_GLOBAL) {
        return aBlock;
    }

    // 5
    struct Block_layout *result = malloc(aBlock->descriptor->size);
    if (!result) return (void *)0;

    // 6
    memmove(result, aBlock, aBlock->descriptor->size); // bitcopy first

    // 7
    result->flags &= ~(BLOCK_REFCOUNT_MASK);    // XXX not needed
    result->flags |= BLOCK_NEEDS_FREE | 1;

    // 8
    result->isa = _NSConcreteMallocBlock;

    // 9
    if (result->flags & BLOCK_HAS_COPY_DISPOSE) {
        (*aBlock->descriptor->copy)(result, aBlock); // do fixup
    }

    return result;
}

看到这里我们基本理解了block的基本实现,需要注意:

  1. 如果在block中修改或者使用了外部变量,记得使用_weak typeof(self) weakSelf = self;
  2. 在多线程环境下(block中的weakSelf有可能被析构的情况下),需要先将self转为strong指针,避免在运行到某个关键步骤时self对象被析构。

参考文献
A look inside blocks
Block技巧与底层解析
谈Objective-C block的实现

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