2018-12-02

2018-12-02  本文已影响0人  老头子_d0ec

1、GIL是什么?

GIL的全称是Global Interpreter Lock(全局解释器锁),来源是python设计之初的考虑,为了数据安全所做的决定。

2、每个CPU在同一时间只能执行一个线程(在单核CPU下的多线程其实都只是并发,不是并行,并发和并行从宏观上来讲都是同时处理多路请求的概念。但并发和并行又有区别,并行是指两个或者多个事件在同一时刻发生;而并发是指两个或多个事件在同一时间间隔内发生。)

在Python多线程下,每个线程的执行方式:
获取GIL
执行代码直到sleep或者是python虚拟机将其挂起。
释放GIL

可见,某个线程想要执行,必须先拿到GIL,我们可以把GIL看作是“通行证”,并且在一个python进程中,GIL只有一个。拿不到通行证的线程,就不允许进入CPU执行。

在Python2.x里,GIL的释放逻辑是当前线程遇见IO操作或者ticks计数达到100(ticks可以看作是Python自身的一个计数器,专门做用于GIL,每次释放后归零,这个计数可以通过 sys.setcheckinterval 来调整),进行释放。

而每次释放GIL锁,线程进行锁竞争、切换线程,会消耗资源。并且由于GIL锁存在,python里一个进程永远只能同时执行一个线程(拿到GIL的线程才能执行),这就是为什么在多核CPU上,python的多线程效率并不高。

那么是不是python的多线程就完全没用了呢?

在这里我们进行分类讨论:

1、CPU密集型代码(各种循环处理、计数等等),在这种情况下,由于计算工作多,ticks计数很快就会达到阈值,然后触发GIL的释放与再竞争(多个线程来回切换当然是需要消耗资源的),所以python下的多线程对CPU密集型代码并不友好。

2、IO密集型代码(文件处理、网络爬虫等),多线程能够有效提升效率(单线程下有IO操作会进行IO等待,造成不必要的时间浪费,而开启多线程能在线程A等待时,自动切换到线程B,可以不浪费CPU的资源,从而能提升程序执行效率)。所以python的多线程对IO密集型代码比较友好。

而在python3.x中,GIL不使用ticks计数,改为使用计时器(执行时间达到阈值后,当前线程释放GIL),这样对CPU密集型程序更加友好,但依然没有解决GIL导致的同一时间只能执行一个线程的问题,所以效率依然不尽如人意。

多核性能

多核多线程比单核多线程更差,原因是单核下多线程,每次释放GIL,唤醒的那个线程都能获取到GIL锁,所以能够无缝执行,但多核下,CPU0释放GIL后,其他CPU上的线程都会进行竞争,但GIL可能会马上又被CPU0拿到,导致其他几个CPU上被唤醒后的线程会醒着等待到切换时间后又进入待调度状态,这样会造成线程颠簸(thrashing),导致效率更低

多进程为什么不会这样?

每个进程有各自独立的GIL,互不干扰,这样就可以真正意义上的并行执行,所以在python中,多进程的执行效率优于多线程(仅仅针对多核CPU而言)。

所以在这里说结论:多核下,想做并行提升效率,比较通用的方法是使用多进程,能够有效提高执行效率。

所以,如果不想浪费时间,可以直接看多进程。

直接利用函数创建多线程

Python中使用线程有两种方式:函数或者用类来包装线程对象。

函数式:调用thread模块中的start_new_thread()函数来产生新线程。语法如下:

<span class="s1">thread</span><span class="s2">.</span><span class="s1">start_new_thread </span><span class="s2">(</span> <span class="s3">function</span><span class="s2">,</span><span class="s1"> args</span><span class="s2">[,</span><span class="s1"> kwargs</span><span class="s2">]</span> <span class="s2">)</span>

1

<span class="s1">thread</span><span class="s2">.</span><span class="s1">start_new_thread </span><span class="s2">(</span> <span class="s3">function</span><span class="s2">,</span><span class="s1"> args</span><span class="s2">[,</span><span class="s1"> kwargs</span><span class="s2">]</span> <span class="s2">)</span>

参数说明:
function – 线程函数。
args – 传递给线程函数的参数,他必须是个tuple类型。
kwargs – 可选参数。

先用一个实例感受一下:

-- coding: UTF-8 --

import thread
import time

为线程定义一个函数

def print_time(threadName, delay):
count = 0
while count < 5:
time.sleep(delay)
count += 1
print "%s: %s" % (threadName, time.ctime(time.time()))

创建两个线程

try:
thread.start_new_thread(print_time, ("Thread-1", 2,))
thread.start_new_thread(print_time, ("Thread-2", 4,))
except:
print "Error: unable to start thread"

while 1:
pass

print "Main Finished"

-- coding: UTF-8 --

import thread

import time

为线程定义一个函数

def print_time(threadName, delay):

count = 0

while count < 5:

    time.sleep(delay)

    count += 1

    print "%s: %s" % (threadName, time.ctime(time.time()))

创建两个线程

try:

thread.start_new_thread(print_time, ("Thread-1", 2,))

thread.start_new_thread(print_time, ("Thread-2", 4,))

except:

print "Error: unable to start thread"

while 1:

pass

print "Main Finished"

运行结果如下:

Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 16:43:01 2016
Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 16:43:03 2016
Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 16:43:03 2016
Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 16:43:05 2016
Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 16:43:07 2016
Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 16:43:07 2016
Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 16:43:09 2016
Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 16:43:11 2016
Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 16:43:15 2016
Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 16:43:19 2016

Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 16:43:01 2016

Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 16:43:03 2016

Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 16:43:03 2016

Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 16:43:05 2016

Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 16:43:07 2016

Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 16:43:07 2016

Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 16:43:09 2016

Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 16:43:11 2016

Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 16:43:15 2016

Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 16:43:19 2016

可以发现,两个线程都在执行,睡眠2秒和4秒后打印输出一段话。

注意到,在主线程写了

while 1:
pass

1

2

while 1:

pass

这是让主线程一直在等待

如果去掉上面两行,那就直接输出

Main Finished

1

Main Finished

程序执行结束。

使用Threading模块创建线程

使用Threading模块创建线程,直接从threading.Thread继承,然后重写init方法和run方法:

!/usr/bin/python

-- coding: UTF-8 --

import threading
import time

import thread

exitFlag = 0

class myThread (threading.Thread): #继承父类threading.Thread
def init(self, threadID, name, counter):
threading.Thread.init(self)
self.threadID = threadID
self.name = name
self.counter = counter
def run(self): #把要执行的代码写到run函数里面 线程在创建后会直接运行run函数
print "Starting " + self.name
print_time(self.name, self.counter, 5)
print "Exiting " + self.name

def print_time(threadName, delay, counter):
while counter:
if exitFlag:
thread.exit()
time.sleep(delay)
print "%s: %s" % (threadName, time.ctime(time.time()))
counter -= 1

创建新线程

thread1 = myThread(1, "Thread-1", 1)
thread2 = myThread(2, "Thread-2", 2)

开启线程

thread1.start()
thread2.start()

print "Exiting Main Thread"

!/usr/bin/python

-- coding: UTF-8 --

import threading

import time

import thread

exitFlag = 0

class myThread (threading.Thread): #继承父类threading.Thread

def __init__(self, threadID, name, counter):

    threading.Thread.__init__(self)

    self.threadID = threadID

    self.name = name

    self.counter = counter

def run(self):                   #把要执行的代码写到run函数里面 线程在创建后会直接运行run函数

    print "Starting " + self.name

    print_time(self.name, self.counter, 5)

    print "Exiting " + self.name

def print_time(threadName, delay, counter):

while counter:

    if exitFlag:

        thread.exit()

    time.sleep(delay)

    print "%s: %s" % (threadName, time.ctime(time.time()))

    counter -= 1

创建新线程

thread1 = myThread(1, "Thread-1", 1)

thread2 = myThread(2, "Thread-2", 2)

开启线程

thread1.start()

thread2.start()

print "Exiting Main Thread"

运行结果:

Starting Thread-1Starting Thread-2

Exiting Main Thread
Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 18:42:19 2016
Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 18:42:20 2016
Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 18:42:20 2016
Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 18:42:21 2016
Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 18:42:22 2016
Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 18:42:22 2016
Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 18:42:23 2016
Exiting Thread-1
Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 18:42:24 2016
Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 18:42:26 2016
Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 18:42:28 2016
Exiting Thread-2

Starting Thread-1Starting Thread-2

Exiting Main Thread

Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 18:42:19 2016

Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 18:42:20 2016

Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 18:42:20 2016

Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 18:42:21 2016

Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 18:42:22 2016

Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 18:42:22 2016

Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 18:42:23 2016

Exiting Thread-1

Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 18:42:24 2016

Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 18:42:26 2016

Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 18:42:28 2016

Exiting Thread-2

有没有发现什么奇怪的地方?打印的输出格式好奇怪。比如第一行之后应该是一个回车的,结果第二个进程就打印出来了。

那是因为什么?因为这几个线程没有设置同步。

线程同步

如果多个线程共同对某个数据修改,则可能出现不可预料的结果,为了保证数据的正确性,需要对多个线程进行同步。

使用Thread对象的Lock和Rlock可以实现简单的线程同步,这两个对象都有acquire方法和release方法,对于那些需要每次只允许一个线程操作的数据,可以将其操作放到acquire和release方法之间。如下:

多线程的优势在于可以同时运行多个任务(至少感觉起来是这样)。但是当线程需要共享数据时,可能存在数据不同步的问题。

考虑这样一种情况:一个列表里所有元素都是0,线程”set”从后向前把所有元素改成1,而线程”print”负责从前往后读取列表并打印。

那么,可能线程”set”开始改的时候,线程”print”便来打印列表了,输出就成了一半0一半1,这就是数据的不同步。为了避免这种情况,引入了锁的概念。

锁有两种状态——锁定和未锁定。每当一个线程比如”set”要访问共享数据时,必须先获得锁定;如果已经有别的线程比如”print”获得锁定了,那么就让线程”set”暂停,也就是同步阻塞;等到线程”print”访问完毕,释放锁以后,再让线程”set”继续。

经过这样的处理,打印列表时要么全部输出0,要么全部输出1,不会再出现一半0一半1的尴尬场面。

看下面的例子:

Python

-- coding: UTF-8 --

import threading
import time

class myThread (threading.Thread):
def init(self, threadID, name, counter):
threading.Thread.init(self)
self.threadID = threadID
self.name = name
self.counter = counter
def run(self):
print "Starting " + self.name
# 获得锁,成功获得锁定后返回True
# 可选的timeout参数不填时将一直阻塞直到获得锁定
# 否则超时后将返回False
threadLock.acquire()
print_time(self.name, self.counter, 3)
# 释放锁
threadLock.release()

def print_time(threadName, delay, counter):
while counter:
time.sleep(delay)
print "%s: %s" % (threadName, time.ctime(time.time()))
counter -= 1

threadLock = threading.Lock()
threads = []

创建新线程

thread1 = myThread(1, "Thread-1", 1)
thread2 = myThread(2, "Thread-2", 2)

开启新线程

thread1.start()
thread2.start()

添加线程到线程列表

threads.append(thread1)
threads.append(thread2)

等待所有线程完成

for t in threads:
t.join()

print "Exiting Main Thread"

-- coding: UTF-8 --

import threading

import time

class myThread (threading.Thread):

def __init__(self, threadID, name, counter):

    threading.Thread.__init__(self)

    self.threadID = threadID

    self.name = name

    self.counter = counter

def run(self):

    print "Starting " + self.name

   # 获得锁,成功获得锁定后返回True

   # 可选的timeout参数不填时将一直阻塞直到获得锁定

   # 否则超时后将返回False

    threadLock.acquire()

    print_time(self.name, self.counter, 3)

    # 释放锁

    threadLock.release()

def print_time(threadName, delay, counter):

while counter:

    time.sleep(delay)

    print "%s: %s" % (threadName, time.ctime(time.time()))

    counter -= 1

threadLock = threading.Lock()

threads = []

创建新线程

thread1 = myThread(1, "Thread-1", 1)

thread2 = myThread(2, "Thread-2", 2)

开启新线程

thread1.start()

thread2.start()

添加线程到线程列表

threads.append(thread1)

threads.append(thread2)

等待所有线程完成

for t in threads:

t.join()

print "Exiting Main Thread"

在上面的代码中运用了线程锁还有join等待。

运行结果如下:

Starting Thread-1
Starting Thread-2
Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 18:56:49 2016
Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 18:56:50 2016
Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 18:56:51 2016
Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 18:56:53 2016
Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 18:56:55 2016
Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 18:56:57 2016
Exiting Main Thread

Starting Thread-1

Starting Thread-2

Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 18:56:49 2016

Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 18:56:50 2016

Thread-1: Thu Nov 3 18:56:51 2016

Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 18:56:53 2016

Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 18:56:55 2016

Thread-2: Thu Nov 3 18:56:57 2016

Exiting Main Thread

这样一来,你可以发现就不会出现刚才的输出混乱的结果了。

线程优先级队列

Python的Queue模块中提供了同步的、线程安全的队列类,包括FIFO(先入先出)队列Queue,LIFO(后入先出)队列LifoQueue,和优先级队列PriorityQueue。这些队列都实现了锁原语,能够在多线程中直接使用。可以使用队列来实现线程间的同步。

Queue模块中的常用方法:
Queue.qsize() 返回队列的大小
Queue.empty() 如果队列为空,返回True,反之False
Queue.full() 如果队列满了,返回True,反之False
Queue.full 与 maxsize 大小对应
Queue.get([block[, timeout]])获取队列,timeout等待时间
Queue.get_nowait() 相当Queue.get(False)
Queue.put(item) 写入队列,timeout等待时间
Queue.put_nowait(item) 相当Queue.put(item, False)
Queue.task_done() 在完成一项工作之后,Queue.task_done()函数向任务已经完成的队列发送一个信号
Queue.join() 实际上意味着等到队列为空,再执行别的操作

用一个实例感受一下:

-- coding: UTF-8 --

import Queue
import threading
import time

exitFlag = 0

class myThread (threading.Thread):
def init(self, threadID, name, q):
threading.Thread.init(self)
self.threadID = threadID
self.name = name
self.q = q
def run(self):
print "Starting " + self.name
process_data(self.name, self.q)
print "Exiting " + self.name

def process_data(threadName, q):
while not exitFlag:
queueLock.acquire()
if not workQueue.empty():
data = q.get()
queueLock.release()
print "%s processing %s" % (threadName, data)
else:
queueLock.release()
time.sleep(1)

threadList = ["Thread-1", "Thread-2", "Thread-3"]
nameList = ["One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five"]
queueLock = threading.Lock()
workQueue = Queue.Queue(10)
threads = []
threadID = 1

创建新线程

for tName in threadList:
thread = myThread(threadID, tName, workQueue)
thread.start()
threads.append(thread)
threadID += 1

填充队列

queueLock.acquire()
for word in nameList:
workQueue.put(word)
queueLock.release()

等待队列清空

while not workQueue.empty():
pass

通知线程是时候退出

exitFlag = 1

等待所有线程完成

for t in threads:
t.join()
print "Exiting Main Thread"

-- coding: UTF-8 --

import Queue

import threading

import time

exitFlag = 0

class myThread (threading.Thread):

def __init__(self, threadID, name, q):

    threading.Thread.__init__(self)

    self.threadID = threadID

    self.name = name

    self.q = q

def run(self):

    print "Starting " + self.name

    process_data(self.name, self.q)

    print "Exiting " + self.name

def process_data(threadName, q):

while not exitFlag:

    queueLock.acquire()

    if not workQueue.empty():

        data = q.get()

        queueLock.release()

        print "%s processing %s" % (threadName, data)

    else:

        queueLock.release()

    time.sleep(1)

threadList = ["Thread-1", "Thread-2", "Thread-3"]

nameList = ["One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five"]

queueLock = threading.Lock()

workQueue = Queue.Queue(10)

threads = []

threadID = 1

创建新线程

for tName in threadList:

thread = myThread(threadID, tName, workQueue)

thread.start()

threads.append(thread)

threadID += 1

填充队列

queueLock.acquire()

for word in nameList:

workQueue.put(word)

queueLock.release()

等待队列清空

while not workQueue.empty():

pass

通知线程是时候退出

exitFlag = 1

等待所有线程完成

for t in threads:

t.join()

print "Exiting Main Thread"

运行结果:

Starting Thread-1
Starting Thread-2
Starting Thread-3
Thread-3 processing One
Thread-1 processing Two
Thread-2 processing Three
Thread-3 processing Four
Thread-2 processing Five
Exiting Thread-2
Exiting Thread-3
Exiting Thread-1
Exiting Main Thread

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Starting Thread-1

Starting Thread-2

Starting Thread-3

Thread-3 processing One

Thread-1 processing Two

Thread-2 processing Three

Thread-3 processing Four

Thread-2 processing Five

Exiting Thread-2

Exiting Thread-3

Exiting Thread-1

Exiting Main Thread

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