空间转录组细胞类型的spot distance-based an
在我们生物学的世界里,细胞类型无论是交流还是位置都是在不断的变化之中,当形成一个成熟的组织之后,细胞类型的位置才会相对固定,但真正意义上也是一种动态平衡,当发生疾病之后,免疫细胞的细胞类型开始发生变化,所以说,研究细胞类型之间的位置变化,也是一门很深的课题。
最近发表的一篇关于空间转录组的文章《Spatiotemporal analysis of human intestinal development at single-cell resolution》中,在研究肠道发育的过程中,提到了细胞类型之间的距离分析。发育的过程中,肯定是有一些细胞类型深入内部,有的细胞类型转而向外,而有的细胞类型在发育过程中随着细胞类型的移动慢慢消失,所以有的时候我们对于组织结构和发育的数据分析,更多需要这样的时空分析,包括在研究肿瘤的过程中,细胞类型之间的距离变化。
文章很长,大家可以多看看,我们这里仅仅关注细胞类型在空间上的距离判定,我们来梳理一下
Spatial transcriptomics spot distance-based analyses
1、在成年组织样本载玻片中,标记了肌肉黏膜,并始终用作参考点,对于胎儿组织样品载玻片,在每个载玻片中标记了完整横截面的浆膜。(In adult tissue sample slides, muscularis mucosa was marked and used as a reference point throughout.),距离的判定需要一个参考,如果研究肿瘤,可以把肿瘤和正常细胞的边界作为参考点。
2、In each slide, we then filtered out spots covering sections of tissue containing artifacts, including tissue folds. Spots covering the inner-most parts of the lumen were also filtered out, as these were found to contain mRNA signatures consistent with apoptotic epithelial cells, including very high mitochondrial content and low spot library complexity 这一步就是过滤,去除低质量的spots,这里需要注意的是,凋亡标志物,如果一个spot包含较高的某种细胞的凋亡标志物,说明该spot区域的细胞质量很差,应当去除。
3、For each remaining spot, we then calculated Euclidean distance from the center pixel of the spot to the nearest marked up pixel。这个地方需要注意,欧氏距离的计算。Adult tissue sample slides were segmented prior to this to account for helical positioning of the tissue. Spots in the adult mucosa were assigned positive distance values to indicate distance toward the lumen, and spots in the submucosa were assigned negative distance values to indicate distance away from the muscularis mucosa.对于粘膜作为参考,将成年粘膜上的spot分配为正距离值以指示到内腔的距离,将粘膜下层的spot分配为负距离值以指示与肌层粘膜的距离。Spots in fetal tissue slides were all assigned positive distance values to indicate distance toward the lumen。As the distance between spots between slides is uniform, this then provides a relative distance measure that is comparable between tissue sections.计算出来的距离就可以相对表示细胞类型之间的距离。
Distance measures were then used to examine cell type score distributions relative to tissue depth in the intestine using density over distance plots.
图上就可以看出,细胞类型的距离变化和细胞类型的“分数”。至于分数怎么来的,当然是单细胞与空间联合分析的结果。
这个方法很值得借鉴,大家在研究这里的样本的过程中,不如多用一下, 会有比较不错的效果,这里给大家一个例子,以正常样本和肿瘤样本为例:
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以图片为例,肿瘤区域和正常区域的边界作为参考点,我们来分析一下细胞类型距离参考点的距离。当然,最好用一个正常样本的作为对照,距离的判断对比更有意义。