[备份/笔记] 希腊字母的读法

发现看书的时候又忘了 ξ (ksee) 怎么读, 又忘了 ϕ 和 φ 是不是都是 phi...
从自己原来的笔记拷过来, 再备份一遍.

English

Letter	Letter Name	Pronunciation
A a	a	/ˈeɪ/
B b	bee	/ˈbiː/
C c	cee	/ˈsiː/
D d	dee	/ˈdiː/
E e	e	/ˈiː/
F f	ef	/ˈɛf/
G g	gee	/ˈdʒiː/
H h	aitch	/ˈeɪtʃ/
- -	haitch	/ˈheɪtʃ/
- -	hetch	/ˈhetʃ/
I i	i	/ˈaɪ/
J j	jay	/ˈdʒeɪ/
- -	jy	/ˈdʒaɪ/
K k	kay	/ˈkeɪ/
L l	el or ell	/ˈɛl/, /ˈɛɫ/
M m	em	/ˈɛm/
N n	en	/ˈɛn/
O o	o	/ˈəʊ/
P p	pee	/ˈpiː/
Q q	cue	/ˈkjuː/
R r	ar	/ˈɑː/
S s	ess	/ˈɛs/
T t	tee	/ˈtiː/
U u	u	/ˈjuː/
V v	vee	/ˈviː/
W w	double-u	/ˈdʌbəl.juː/
X x	ex	/ˈɛks/
Y y	wy or wye	/ˈwaɪ/
Z z	zed	/ˈzɛd/
- -	zee	/ˈziː/
- -	izzard	/ˈɪzərd/

Greek Alphabet

Letter	Name	In LaTeX	Transliteration	Pronunciation
A α	alpha	- \alpha	a	AL-fuh
B β	beta	- \beta	b	BAY-tuh, BEE-tuh
Γ γ	gamma	\Gamma \gamma	g	GAM-uh
Δ δ	delta	\Delta \delta	d	DELL-tuh
E ϵ ε	epsilon	- \epsilon \varepsilon	e	EP-suh-lon
F ϝ ϛ	digamma	- \digamma stigma	f	dee-GAM-uh ?
Z ζ	zeta	- \zeta	z	ZAY-tuh
H η	eta	\eta	ē	AY-tuh
Θ θ ϑ	theta	\Theta \theta \vartheta	th	THAY-tuh, THEE-tuh
Ι ι	iota	- \iota	i	eye-OH-tuh
K κ ϰ	kappa	- \kappa \varkappa	k	CAY-uh
Λ λ	lambda	\Lambda \lambda	l	LAM-duh
M μ	mu	- \mu	m	MYOO, MOO
N ν	nu	- \nu	n	NOO, NYOO
Ξ ξ	xi	\Xi \xi	x	ZIGH, SIGN, KSEE
Ο ο	omicron	- \omicron	o	AH-mih-cron, OH-mih-cron
Π π ϖ	pi	\Pi \pi \varpi	p	PIE
Ρ ρ ϱ	rho	- \rho \varrho	r / rh	ROE
Σ σ ς	sigma	\Sigma \sigma \varsigma	s	SIG-muh
T τ	tau	- \tau	t	TOW, TAW
Υ υ	upsilon	\Upsilon \upsilon	u	UP-suh-lon, YOOP-suh-lon
Φ ϕ φ	phi	\Phi \phi \varphi	phi	FIE, FEE
Χ χ	chi	\chi	ch	KIGN, KEE
Ψ ψ	psi	\Psi \psi	ps	SIGH, PSIGH, PSEE
Ω ω	omega	\Omega \omega	ō	oh-MEG-uh, oh-MEE-guh, oh-MAY-guh

Aleph: /ˈɑːlɛf/

---

Αα (alpha)

α represents:

• the first angle in a triangle, opposite the side A
• one root of a quadratic equation, where β represents the other
• the ratio of collector current to emitter current in a bipolar junction
  transistor (BJT) in electronics
• the statistical significance of a result
• the false positive rate in statistics ("Type I" error)
• the reciprocal of the sacrifice ratio
• the fine structure constant in physics
• the angle of attack of an aircraft
• an alpha particle (He2+)
• angular acceleration in physics
• the linear thermal expansion coefficient
• the thermal diffusivity
• the alpha carbon is the first carbon after the carbon that attaches to
  a functional group in organic chemistry
• the α-carbon is the backbone carbon next to the carbonyl carbon in
  amino acids
• right ascension in astrometry
• The brightest star in a constellation.
• Iron Ferrite and numerous phases within materials science.
• the return in excess of the compensation for the risk borne in
  investment
• the α-conversion in lambda calculus

Ββ (beta)

Β represents the beta function

β represents:

• the thermodynamic beta, equal to (kBT)−1, where kB is Boltzmann's
  constant and T is the absolute temperature.
• the second angle in a triangle, opposite the side B
• one root of a quadratic equation, where α represents the other
• the ratio of collector current to base current in a bipolar junction
  transistor (BJT) in electronics (current gain)
• the false negative rate in statistics ("Type II" error)
• the beta coefficient, the non-diversifiable risk, of an asset in
  mathematical finance
• the sideslip angle of an airplane
• the first-order effects of variations in Coriolis force with latitude
  in planetary dynamics
• a beta particle (e-)
• sound intensity
• velocity divided by the speed of light in special relativity
• the beta brain wave in brain or cognitive sciences
• ecliptic latitude in astrometry
• The ratio of plasma pressure to magnetic pressure in plasma physics
• β-reduction in lambda calculus

Γγ (gamma)

Γ represents:

• the reflection coefficient of a transmission or telecommunication line.
• the confinement factor of an optical mode in a waveguide
• the gamma function, a generalization of the factorial
• the upper incomplete gamma function
• the modular group, the group of fractional linear transformations
• the gamma distribution, a continuous probability distribution defined
  using the gamma function
• second-order sensitivity to price in mathematical finance
• the Christoffel symbols of the second kind
• the neighbourhood of a vertex in a graph
• the stack alphabet in the formal definition of a pushdown automaton

γ represents:

• the partial safety factors applied to loads and materials in structural
  engineering
• the specific weight of substances
• the lower incomplete gamma function
• the third angle in a triangle, opposite the side C
• the Euler–Mascheroni constant in mathematics
• gamma rays and the photon
• the heat capacity ratio in thermodynamics
• the Lorentz factor in special relativity
• the damping constant (kg/s)

Δδ (delta)

Δ represents:

• a finite difference
• a difference operator
• a symmetric difference
• the Laplace operator
• the angle that subtends the arc of a circular curve in surveying
• the determinant of an inverse matrix
• the maximum degree of any vertex in a given graph
• the difference or change in a given variable, e.g. ∆v means a
  difference or change in velocity
• sensitivity to price in mathematical finance
• distance to Earth, measured in astronomical units
• heat in a chemical formula
• the discriminant in the quadratic formula which determines the nature
  of the roots
• the degrees of freedom in a non-pooled statistical hypothesis test of
  two population means

δ represents:

• percent error
• a variation in the calculus of variations
• the Kronecker delta function
• the Feigenbaum constant
• the force of interest in mathematical finance
• the Dirac delta function
• the receptor which enkephalins have the highest affinity for in
  pharmacology
• the Skorokhod integral in Malliavin calculus, a subfield of stochastic
  analysis
• the minimum degree of any vertex in a given graph
• a partial charge. δ− represents a negative partial charge, and δ+
  represents a positive partial charge chemistry (See also: Solvation)
• the Chemical shift of an atomic nucleus
• declination in astrometry
• the Turner function in computational material science
• depreciation in macroeconomics
• noncentrality measure in statistics

Εε (epsilon)

ε represents:

• a small positive quantity; see limit
• a random error in regression analysis
• the absolute value of an error
• in set theory, the limit ordinal of the sequence
  \omega,\omega^{{\omega},\omega}{\omega^{\omega}},\dots
• in computer science, the empty string
• the Levi-Civita symbol
• in electromagnetics, dielectric permittivity
• emissivity
• strain in continuum mechanics
• permittivity
• the Earth's axial tilt in astrometry
• elasticity in economics
• expected value in probability theory and statistics
• electromotive force
• in chemistry, the molar extinction coefficient of a chromophore.
• set membership symbol ∈ is based on ε

Ϝϝ (digamma)

Ϝ is sometimes used to represent the digamma function, though the Latin
letter F (which is nearly identical) is usually substituted.

Ζζ (zeta)

ζ represents:

• the Riemann zeta function and other zeta functions in mathematics
• the coefficient of viscous friction in polymer dynamics
• the damping ratio
• relative vertical vorticity in fluid dynamics

Ηη (eta)

Η represents:

• the Eta function of Ludwig Boltzmann's H-theorem ("Eta" theorem), in
  statistical mechanics

η represents:

• the intrinsic impedance of medium (usually free space)
• the partial regression coefficient in statistics
• elasticities in economics
• the absolute vertical vorticity (relative vertical vorticity + Coriolis
  effect) in fluid dynamics
• an index of refraction
• a type of meson
• viscosity
• efficiency (statistics)
• efficiency (physics and engineering)
• the Minkowski metric tensor in relativity
• noise in communication system models

Θθ (theta)

Θ represents:

• an asymptotically tight bound related to big O notation.
• sensitivity to the passage of time in mathematical finance
• Θ (set theory), a certain ordinal number

θ represents:

• a plane angle in geometry
• the angle to the x axis in the xy-plane in spherical or cylindrical
  coordinates (mathematics)
• the angle to the z axis in spherical coordinates (physics)
• potential temperature in thermodynamics
• the mean time between failure in reliability engineering
• soil water contents in soil science
• Debye temperature
• In mathematical statistics, represents an unknown parameter
• theta functions
• sometimes also ϑ ("script theta"), cursive form of theta, often used in
  handwriting
• the first Chebyshev function in number theory

Ιι (iota)

ι represents:

• the index generator function in APL (in the form ⍳)
• the orbital inclination with respect to the line of sight, used when
  describing gravitational wave sources.

Κκ (kappa)

Κ represents:

• the Kappa number
• κ represents:
• the Von Kármán constant
• the kappa curve
• the condition number of a matrix in numerical analysis
• the connectivity of a graph in graph theory
• curvature
• dielectric constant (\varepsilon / \varepsilon_0)
• thermal conductivity (usually a lowercase Latin k)
• thermal diffusivity
• a spring constant (usually a lowercase Latin k)
• the heat capacity ratio in thermodynamics (usually γ)
• the receptor which dynorphins have the highest affinity for in
  pharmacology

Λ λ (lambda)

Λ represents:

• the von Mangoldt function in number theory
• the set of logical axioms in the axiomatic method of logical deduction
  in first-order logic
• the cosmological constant
• a type of baryon
• a diagonal matrix of eigenvalues in linear algebra
• the permeance of a material in electromagnetism

λ represents:

• one wavelength of electromagnetic radiation
• the decay constant in radioactivity
• function expressions in the lambda calculus
• a general eigenvalue in linear algebra
• the expected number of occurrences in a Poisson distribution in
  probability
• the arrival rate in queueing theory
• the average lifetime or rate parameter in an exponential distribution
  (commonly used across statistics, physics, and engineering)
• the failure rate in reliability engineering
• the mean or average value (probability and statistics)
• the latent heat of fusion
• the lagrange multiplier in the mathematical optimization method, known
  as the shadow price in economics
• the Lebesgue measure denotes the volume or measure of a Lebesgue
  measurable set
• longitude in geodesy
• linear density
• ecliptic longitude in astrometry
• the Liouville function in number theory
• the Carmichael function in number theory
• a unit of measure of volume equal to one microlitre (1 μL) or one cubic
  millimetre (1 mm³)
• the empty string in formal grammar

Μμ (mu)

μ represents:

• the Möbius function in number theory
• the ring representation of a representation module
• the population mean or expected value in probability and statistics
• a measure in measure theory
• micro-, an SI prefix denoting 10−6 (one millionth)
• the coefficient of friction in physics
• the service rate in queueing theory
• the dynamic viscosity in physics
• magnetic permeability in electromagnetics
• a muon
• reduced mass
• chemical potential in condensed matter physics
• the ion mobility in plasma physics

Νν (nu)

ν represents:

• frequency in physics in hertz (Hz)
• Degrees of freedom in statistics
• Poisson's ratio in material science
• a neutrino
• kinematic viscosity of liquids
• stoichiometric coefficient in chemistry
• dimension of nullspace in mathematics

Ξ ξ (xi)

Ξ represents:

• the original Riemann Xi function, i.e. Riemann's lower case ξ, as
  denoted by Edmund Landau and currently
• the grand canonical ensemble found in statistical mechanics
• a type of baryon
• ξ represents:
• the original Riemann Xi function
• the modified definition of Riemann xi function, as denoted by Edmund
  Landau and currently
• a random variable
• the extent of a chemical reaction
• coherence length
• the damping ratio
• universal set
• Οο (omicron)[edit]

Ο represents:

• big O notation (may be represented by an uppercase Latin O)
• o represents:
• small o notation (may be represented by a lowercase Latin o)

Π π (pi)

Π represents:

• the product operator in mathematics
• a plane
• osmotic pressure
• π represents:
• Archimedes' constant, the ratio of a circle's circumference to its
  diameter
• the prime-counting function
• profit in microeconomics and game theory
• inflation in macroeconomics, expressed as a constant with respect to
  time
• the state distribution of a Markov chain
• a type of covalent bond in chemistry (pi bond)
• a pion (pi meson) in particle physics
• in statistics, the population proportion of success
• in electronics, a special type of small signal model is referred to as
  a hybrid-pi model
• in relational algebra for databases, represents project

ϖ (a graphic variant, see pomega) represents:

• angular frequency of a wave, in fluid dynamics (angular frequency is
  usually represented by \omega but this may be confused with vorticity
  in a fluid dynamics context)
• longitude of pericenter, in celestial mechanics
• comoving distance, in cosmology

Ρρ (rho)

Ρ represents:

• one of the Gegenbauer functions in analytic number theory.

ρ represents:

• one of the Gegenbauer functions in analytic number theory.
• the Dickman-de Bruijn function
• the radius in a polar, cylindrical, or spherical coordinate system
• the correlation coefficient in statistics
• the sensitivity to interest rate in mathematical finance
• density (mass or charge per unit volume)
• resistivity
• the shape and reshape operators in APL (in the form ⍴)
• the utilization in queueing theory
• the rank of a matrix

Σσ (sigma)

Σ represents:

• the summation operator
• the covariance matrix
• the set of terminal symbols in a formal grammar

σ represents:

• Stefan–Boltzmann constant in blackbody radiation
• the divisor function in number theory
• the real part of the complex variable s = σ + i t in analytic number
  theory
• the sign of a permutation in the theory of finite groups
• the population standard deviation, a measure of spread in probability
  and statistics
• a type of covalent bond in chemistry (sigma bond)
• the selection operator in relational algebra
• stress in mechanics
• electrical conductivity
• area density
• nuclear cross section
• uncertainty
• utilization in operations management
• surface charge density for microparticles

Ττ (tau)

τ (lower-case) represents:

• an interval of time
• a mean lifetime
• torque, the rotational force in mechanics
• the elementary tau lepton in particle physics
• the lifetime of a spontaneous emission process
• the time constant of any device, such as an RC circuit
• proper time in relativity
• Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient, a measure of rank correlation
  in statistics
• the golden ratio 1.618... (although φ (phi) is more common)
• Ramanujan's tau function in number theory
• in astronomy, a measure of opacity, or how much sunlight cannot
  penetrate the atmosphere
• the intertwining operator in representation theory
• the tau in biochemistry, a protein associated to microtubules
• Shear stress in continuum mechanics
• the number of divisors of highly composite numbers (sequence A000005 in
  OEIS)
• the prefix of many stars, via the Bayer stellar designation system
• an internal system step in transition systems
• a type variable in type theories, such as the simply typed lambda
  calculus
• path tortuosity in reservoir engineering
• in Topology, a given topology
• a proposed name for the mathematical constant of the ratio of a
  circle's circumference to its radius, with value 2π (6.283...).

Υυ (upsilon)

Υ represents:

• an elementary particle
• υ represents:
• frequency in physics textbooks

Φφ (phi)

Φ represents:

• the work function in physics; the energy required by a photon to remove
  an electron from the surface of a metal
• magnetic flux
• the cumulative distribution function of the normal distribution in
  statistics
• phenyl functional group
• the reciprocal of the golden ratio (represented by φ, below), also
  represented as 1/φ
• the value of the integration of information in a system (based on
  Integrated Information Theory)
• note: a symbol for the empty set, \varnothing, resembles Φ but is not Φ

φ represents:

• the golden ratio 1.618... in mathematics, art, and architecture
• Euler's totient function in number theory
• a holomorphic map on an analytic space
• the argument of a complex number in mathematics
• the value of a plane angle in physics and mathematics
• the angle to the z axis in spherical coordinates (mathematics)
• the angle to the x axis in the xy-plane in spherical or cylindrical
  coordinates (physics)
• latitude in geodesy
• a scalar field
• radiant flux
• electric potential
• the probability density function of the normal distribution in
  statistics
• a feature of a syntactic node giving that node characteristics such as
  gender, number and person in syntax
• the diameter of a vessel (engineering)

Χχ (chi)

χ represents:

• the chi distribution in statistics (χ^2 is the more frequently
  encountered chi-squared distribution)
• the chromatic number of a graph in graph theory
• the Euler characteristic in algebraic topology
• electronegativity in the periodic table
• the Rabi frequency
• the spinor of a fundamental particle
• the Fourier transform of a linear response function
• a character in mathematics; especially a Dirichlet character in number
  theory
• the Sigma vectors in the unscented transform used in the unscented
  Kalman filter
• sometimes the mole fraction
• a characteristic or indicator function in mathematics

Ψψ (psi)

Ψ represents:

• water potential
• a quaternary combinator in combinatory logic

ψ represents:

• the wave function in the Schrödinger equation of quantum mechanics
• the stream function in fluid dynamics
• yaw angle in vehicle dynamics
• the angle between the x-axis and the tangent to the curve in the
  intrinsic coordinates system
• the reciprocal Fibonacci constant
• the second Chebyshev function in number theory
• the polygamma function in mathematics

Ω ω (omega)

Ω represents:

• the Omega constant
• an asymptotic lower bound related to big O notation
• in probability theory and statistical mechanics, the set of possible
  distinct system states
• the SI unit measure of electrical resistance, the ohm
• the rotation rate of an object, particularly a planet, in dynamics
• a solid angle
• a baryon
• the arithmetic function counting a number's prime factors
• the right ascension of the ascending node in celestial mechanics
• the density parameter in cosmology

ω represents:

• the first infinite ordinal
• the differentiability class (i.e. C^\omega) for functions that are
  infinitely differentiable because they are complex analytic
• the set of natural numbers in set theory (although \mathbb{N} or N is
  more common in other areas of mathematics)
• an asymptotically dominant quantity related to big O notation
• in probability theory, a possible outcome of an experiment
• angular velocity / radian frequency
• a complex cube root of unity — the other is ω² — (used to describe
  various ways of calculating the discrete Fourier transform)
• vertical velocity in pressure-based coordinate systems (commonly used
  in atmospheric dynamics)
• a meson
• the arithmetic function counting a number's distinct prime factors
• a differential form (esp. on an analytic space)
• the argument of periapsis in celestial mechanics
• the symbol ϖ, a graphic variant of π, is sometimes construed as omega
  with a bar over it; see π

---

00	01	10	11
NUL	Spc	@	`	00000
SOH	!	A	a	00001
STX	"	B	b	00010
ETX	#	C	c	00011
EOT	$	D	d	00100
ENQ	%	E	e	00101
ACK	&	F	f	00110
BEL	'	G	g	00111
BS	(	H	h	01000
TAB	)	I	i	01001
LF	*	J	j	01010
VT	+	K	k	01011
FF	,	L	l	01100
CR	-	M	m	01101
SO	.	N	n	01110
SI	/	O	o	01111
DLE	0	P	p	10000
DC1	1	Q	q	10001
DC2	2	R	r	10010
DC3	3	S	s	10011
DC4	4	T	t	10100
NAK	5	U	u	10101
SYN	6	V	v	10110
ETB	7	W	w	10111
CAN	8	X	x	11000
EM	9	Y	y	11001
SUB	:	Z	z	11010
ESC	;	[	{	11011
FS	<	\			11100
GS	=	]	}	11101
RS	>	^	~	11110
US	?	_	DEL	11111