iOS学习相关内容

OC基础_分类:

分类的定义:分类是OC中的特有语法，它是表示一个指向分类结构体的指针，它是为了扩展系统类的方法而产生的一种方式。

分类的作用:
1.声明私有方法
2.分解体积庞大的类方法
3.把framework的私有方法公开

分类的特点:1.运行时决议(在iOS中，当原有类的方法不够用时，这时候分类就出现了。Category是在现有类的基础上添加新的方法，利用Objective-C 的动态运行时分配机制，可以为现有类添加新方法。可以在分类中添加方法和成员变量，但是添加的成员变量不会自动生成setter和getter方法，需要在实现部分给出实现。) 2.可以为系统类添加分类(不能给系统类添加扩展)

分类中可以添加哪些内容:1.实例方法 2.类方法 3.协议 4.属性(实际只做声明,未实现setter和getter方法.)

struct objc_category {
    //分类名称
    char * _Nonnull category_name                            OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; //unavailable in objc 2.0, deprecated in Leopard
    //宿主类
    char * _Nonnull class_name                               OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    //实例方法列表
    struct objc_method_list * _Nullable instance_methods     OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    //类方法类表
    struct objc_method_list * _Nullable class_methods        OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    //协议列表
    struct objc_protocol_list * _Nullable protocols          OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
}                                                            OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;

属性操作方式:例如我在分类.h文件中声明了一个可变数组

@property (nonatomic,strong)NSMutableArray *dataArray;

在.m文件中要实现

//getter方法
- (NSMutableArray *)dataArray{
    return objc_getAssociatedObject(self, "dataArray");
}
//setter方法
- (void)setDataArray:(NSMutableArray *)dataArray{
    objc_setAssociatedObject(self, "dataArray", dataArray,OBJC_ASSOCIATION_RETAIN);
}

分类的加载调用栈:
_objc_init->map_images->map_images_nolock->_read_images->methodizeClass

_objc_init 方法的实现源码:

void _objc_init(void)
{
    static bool initialized = false;
    if (initialized) return;
    initialized = true;
    
    // fixme defer initialization until an objc-using image is found?
    environ_init();
    tls_init();
    static_init();
    runtime_init();
    exception_init();
    cache_init();
    _imp_implementationWithBlock_init();
 //方法注册了对dyld中关于加载images的事件回调(下面是原始方法)
 //void _dyld_objc_notify_register(_dyld_objc_notify_mapped mapped,_dyld_objc_notify_init init,_dyld_objc_notify_unmapped unmapped);
 //分别注册了那些事件呢？根据注释，我们可以知道，共注册了三个事件的回调：
    //_dyld_objc_notify_mapped ： OC image被加载映射到内存（+load()方法在此时被调用）
    //_dyld_objc_notify_init ： OC image被init时
    //_dyld_objc_notify_unmapped ： OC image被移除内存时
    _dyld_objc_notify_register(&map_images, load_images, unmap_image);
#if __OBJC2__
    didCallDyldNotifyRegister = true;
#endif
}

当image被dyld加载到内存后，会调用回调_dyld_objc_notify_mapped 。在runtime中，对应的函数是map_images下面是源码:

void map_images(unsigned count, const char * const paths[],
           const struct mach_header * const mhdrs[])
{
    mutex_locker_t lock(runtimeLock);
   // map_images方法实质上会调用map_images_nolock方法。
   // 而在map_images_nolock内部，又调用了_read_images方法，
   // 其核心是用来读取Mach-O格式文件的runtime相关的section信息，
   // 并转化为runtime内部的数据结构
    return map_images_nolock(count, paths, mhdrs);
}

map_images_nolock方法下面是源码:

void 
map_images_nolock(unsigned mhCount, const char * const mhPaths[],
                  const struct mach_header * const mhdrs[])
{
    static bool firstTime = YES;
    header_info *hList[mhCount];
    uint32_t hCount;
    size_t selrefCount = 0;

    // Perform first-time initialization if necessary.
    // This function is called before ordinary library initializers. 
    // fixme defer initialization until an objc-using image is found?
    if (firstTime) {
        preopt_init();
    }

    if (PrintImages) {
        _objc_inform("IMAGES: processing %u newly-mapped images...\n", mhCount);
    }


    // Find all images with Objective-C metadata.
    hCount = 0;

    // Count classes. Size various table based on the total.
    int totalClasses = 0;
    int unoptimizedTotalClasses = 0;
    {
        uint32_t i = mhCount;
        while (i--) {
            const headerType *mhdr = (const headerType *)mhdrs[i];

            auto hi = addHeader(mhdr, mhPaths[i], totalClasses, unoptimizedTotalClasses);
            if (!hi) {
                // no objc data in this entry
                continue;
            }
            
            if (mhdr->filetype == MH_EXECUTE) {
                // Size some data structures based on main executable's size
#if __OBJC2__
                size_t count;
                _getObjc2SelectorRefs(hi, &count);
                selrefCount += count;
                _getObjc2MessageRefs(hi, &count);
                selrefCount += count;
#else
                _getObjcSelectorRefs(hi, &selrefCount);
#endif
                
#if SUPPORT_GC_COMPAT
                // Halt if this is a GC app.
                if (shouldRejectGCApp(hi)) {
                    _objc_fatal_with_reason
                        (OBJC_EXIT_REASON_GC_NOT_SUPPORTED, 
                         OS_REASON_FLAG_CONSISTENT_FAILURE, 
                         "Objective-C garbage collection " 
                         "is no longer supported.");
                }
#endif
            }
            
            hList[hCount++] = hi;
            
            if (PrintImages) {
                _objc_inform("IMAGES: loading image for %s%s%s%s%s\n", 
                             hi->fname(),
                             mhdr->filetype == MH_BUNDLE ? " (bundle)" : "",
                             hi->info()->isReplacement() ? " (replacement)" : "",
                             hi->info()->hasCategoryClassProperties() ? " (has class properties)" : "",
                             hi->info()->optimizedByDyld()?" (preoptimized)":"");
            }
        }
    }

    // Perform one-time runtime initialization that must be deferred until 
    // the executable itself is found. This needs to be done before 
    // further initialization.
    // (The executable may not be present in this infoList if the 
    // executable does not contain Objective-C code but Objective-C 
    // is dynamically loaded later.
    if (firstTime) {
        sel_init(selrefCount);
        arr_init();

#if SUPPORT_GC_COMPAT
        // Reject any GC images linked to the main executable.
        // We already rejected the app itself above.
        // Images loaded after launch will be rejected by dyld.

        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < hCount; i++) {
            auto hi = hList[i];
            auto mh = hi->mhdr();
            if (mh->filetype != MH_EXECUTE  &&  shouldRejectGCImage(mh)) {
                _objc_fatal_with_reason
                    (OBJC_EXIT_REASON_GC_NOT_SUPPORTED, 
                     OS_REASON_FLAG_CONSISTENT_FAILURE, 
                     "%s requires Objective-C garbage collection "
                     "which is no longer supported.", hi->fname());
            }
        }
#endif

#if TARGET_OS_OSX
        // Disable +initialize fork safety if the app is too old (< 10.13).
        // Disable +initialize fork safety if the app has a
        //   __DATA,__objc_fork_ok section.

        if (dyld_get_program_sdk_version() < DYLD_MACOSX_VERSION_10_13) {
            DisableInitializeForkSafety = true;
            if (PrintInitializing) {
                _objc_inform("INITIALIZE: disabling +initialize fork "
                             "safety enforcement because the app is "
                             "too old (SDK version " SDK_FORMAT ")",
                             FORMAT_SDK(dyld_get_program_sdk_version()));
            }
        }

        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < hCount; i++) {
            auto hi = hList[i];
            auto mh = hi->mhdr();
            if (mh->filetype != MH_EXECUTE) continue;
            unsigned long size;
            if (getsectiondata(hi->mhdr(), "__DATA", "__objc_fork_ok", &size)) {
                DisableInitializeForkSafety = true;
                if (PrintInitializing) {
                    _objc_inform("INITIALIZE: disabling +initialize fork "
                                 "safety enforcement because the app has "
                                 "a __DATA,__objc_fork_ok section");
                }
            }
            break;  // assume only one MH_EXECUTE image
        }
#endif

    }
//这里是核心代码区
    if (hCount > 0) {
        _read_images(hList, hCount, totalClasses, unoptimizedTotalClasses);
    }

    firstTime = NO;
    
    // Call image load funcs after everything is set up.
    for (auto func : loadImageFuncs) {
        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < mhCount; i++) {
            func(mhdrs[i]);
        }
    }
}

methodizeClass的方法实现源码:

static void methodizeClass(Class cls, Class previously)
{
    runtimeLock.assertLocked();

    bool isMeta = cls->isMetaClass();
    auto rw = cls->data();
    auto ro = rw->ro();
    auto rwe = rw->ext();

    // Methodizing for the first time
    if (PrintConnecting) {
        _objc_inform("CLASS: methodizing class '%s' %s", 
                     cls->nameForLogging(), isMeta ? "(meta)" : "");
    }

    // Install methods and properties that the class implements itself.
    method_list_t *list = ro->baseMethods();
    if (list) {
        prepareMethodLists(cls, &list, 1, YES, isBundleClass(cls));
        if (rwe) rwe->methods.attachLists(&list, 1);
    }

    property_list_t *proplist = ro->baseProperties;
    if (rwe && proplist) {
        rwe->properties.attachLists(&proplist, 1);
    }

    protocol_list_t *protolist = ro->baseProtocols;
    if (rwe && protolist) {
        rwe->protocols.attachLists(&protolist, 1);
    }

    // Root classes get bonus method implementations if they don't have 
    // them already. These apply before category replacements.
    if (cls->isRootMetaclass()) {
        // root metaclass
        addMethod(cls, @selector(initialize), (IMP)&objc_noop_imp, "", NO);
    }

    // Attach categories.
    if (previously) {
        if (isMeta) {
            objc::unattachedCategories.attachToClass(cls, previously,
                                                     ATTACH_METACLASS);
        } else {
            // When a class relocates, categories with class methods
            // may be registered on the class itself rather than on
            // the metaclass. Tell attachToClass to look for those.
            objc::unattachedCategories.attachToClass(cls, previously,
                                                     ATTACH_CLASS_AND_METACLASS);
        }
    }
    objc::unattachedCategories.attachToClass(cls, cls,
                                             isMeta ? ATTACH_METACLASS : ATTACH_CLASS);

#if DEBUG
    // Debug: sanity-check all SELs; log method list contents
    for (const auto& meth : rw->methods()) {
        if (PrintConnecting) {
            _objc_inform("METHOD %c[%s %s]", isMeta ? '+' : '-', 
                         cls->nameForLogging(), sel_getName(meth.name));
        }
        ASSERT(sel_registerName(sel_getName(meth.name)) == meth.name); 
    }
#endif
}