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图解Android:View的绘制机制与源码解析

2017-10-20  本文已影响108人  肖丹晨

前言

Android的视图是如何绘制的?深入了解一下UI的绘制原理无论对我们APP的性能优化还是对我们的自定义view都有很大的帮助。下文将和大家一道探究一下Android的viewTree的绘制原理,希望对大家的开发和学习有所帮助。

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Activity的视图结构

先看一下activity的视图结构图

Activity的视图结构

再看一下Phonewindow的类图

Activity的视图结构

接下来我们来看一下单个Activity的viewTree的结构,我选择了两版sdk来查看

1)Android4.4系统的activity:


Activity的视图结构

2)Android6.0系统的activity:


Activity的视图结构

ViewTree的绘制

id“content”的ContentFrameLayout是我们的布局文件加载显示的区域,更确切地说是我们activity的setcontentView()方法设置的视图显示的区域。下面我么就看看ContentFrameLayout中整个viewTree是如何绘制出来的。

Activity的视图结构

《图解Android:事件传递机制》中我们说过Android中的任何一个布局、任何一个控件包括我们自定义的控件其实都是直接或间接继承自View实现的,所以说这些View应该都具有相同的绘制流程与机制才能显示到屏幕上(可能每个控件的具体绘制逻辑有差异, 但是主流程都是一样的)。每一个View的绘制过程都必须经历三个最主要的过程,也就是measure()、layout()和draw()。
先看一下类图:

Activity的视图结构

那么,整个Android的UI绘制机制是从哪里开始的即入口在哪里呢?答案就是ViewRootImpl类的performTraversals()方法。ViewRootImpl这个类是一个隐藏类,所以如果你是使用Eclipse开发的话可能看不到这个文件(AndroidStudio可以),没关系,根据路径(androidSDK\android-sdk-windows\sources\android-23\android\view\)去找到ViewRootImpl.Java文件,然后用文本阅读工具直接打开就好。
看一下官方对ViewRootImpl的介绍:

/**
* The top of a view hierarchy, implementing the needed protocol between View
* and the WindowManager.  This is for the most part an internal implementation
* detail of {@link WindowManagerGlobal}.
*
* {@hide}
*/

上面这段注释啥意思呢?说白了就是ViewRootImpl是一个window中的viewTree的入口,实现了window对viewTree管理的必需逻辑。

ViewRootImpl类performTraversals()代码,源代码长的恐怖,这里给大家过滤一下

    private void performTraversals() {
        ......
        //lp.width和lp.height在创建ViewGroup实例时值为MATCH_PARENT
        int childWidthMeasureSpec = getRootMeasureSpec(mWidth, lp.width);
        int childHeightMeasureSpec = getRootMeasureSpec(mHeight, lp.height);
        ......
        performMeasure(childWidthMeasureSpec, childHeightMeasureSpec);
        ......
        performLayout(lp, desiredWindowWidth, desiredWindowHeight);
        ......
        performDraw();
        ......
    }
     
    //执行rootView的测量
    private void performMeasure(int childWidthMeasureSpec, int childHeightMeasureSpec) {
        Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_VIEW, "measure");
        try {
            //ViewGroup的measure()方法
            mView.measure(childWidthMeasureSpec, childHeightMeasureSpec);
        } finally {
            Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_VIEW);
        }
    }
      
    //执行layout操作
    private void performLayout(WindowManager.LayoutParams lp, int desiredWindowWidth,
            int desiredWindowHeight) {
        mLayoutRequested = false;
        mScrollMayChange = true;
        mInLayout = true;
        final View host = mView;
        ......
        try {
            //viewRoot先进行layout
            host.layout(0, 0, host.getMeasuredWidth(), host.getMeasuredHeight());
            mInLayout = false;
            //需要layout的子view的数量
            int numViewsRequestingLayout = mLayoutRequesters.size();
            if (numViewsRequestingLayout > 0) {
                //需要layout的子view
                ArrayList<View> validLayoutRequesters = getValidLayoutRequesters(mLayoutRequesters,
                        false);
                if (validLayoutRequesters != null) {
                    //如果view中有调用requestLayout()方法,则说明界面需要刷新
                    mHandlingLayoutInLayoutRequest = true;
                    int numValidRequests = validLayoutRequesters.size();
                    for (int i = 0; i < numValidRequests; ++i) {
                        final View view = validLayoutRequesters.get(i);
                        view.requestLayout();
                    }
                    //整个viewTree重新measure
                    measureHierarchy(host, lp, mView.getContext().getResources(),
                            desiredWindowWidth, desiredWindowHeight);
                    mInLayout = true;
                    //整个viewTree重新layout
                    host.layout(0, 0, host.getMeasuredWidth(), host.getMeasuredHeight());

                    mHandlingLayoutInLayoutRequest = false;

                    // 再次检查是否有view需要刷新
                    validLayoutRequesters = getValidLayoutRequesters(mLayoutRequesters, true);
                    if (validLayoutRequesters != null) {
                        final ArrayList<View> finalRequesters = validLayoutRequesters;
                        // Post请求,在下一帧的显示的时候去执行刷新
                        getRunQueue().post(new Runnable() {
                            @Override
                            public void run() {
                                int numValidRequests = finalRequesters.size();
                                for (int i = 0; i < numValidRequests; ++i) {
                                    final View view = finalRequesters.get(i);
                                    view.requestLayout();
                                }
                            }
                        });
                    }
                }
            }
        } finally {
            Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_VIEW);
        }
        mInLayout = false;
    }
      
    private void performDraw() {
        ......
        try {
            draw(fullRedrawNeeded);
        } finally {
            mIsDrawing = false;
            Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_VIEW);
        }
        ......
    }
     
    private void draw(boolean fullRedrawNeeded) {
        ......
        if (mAttachInfo.mHardwareRenderer != null && mAttachInfo.mHardwareRenderer.isEnabled()) {
            //使用硬件渲染,比如GPU
            mAttachInfo.mHardwareRenderer.draw(mView, mAttachInfo, this);
        } else {
            //使用软件渲染
            if (!drawSoftware(surface, mAttachInfo, xOffset, yOffset, scalingRequired, dirty)) {
                return;
            }
        }
        ......
    }
     
    /**
     * @return true if drawing was successful, false if an error occurred
     */
    private boolean drawSoftware(Surface surface, AttachInfo attachInfo, int xoff, int yoff,
            boolean scalingRequired, Rect dirty) {
        // Draw with software renderer.
        final Canvas canvas;
        ......
        try {
            canvas.translate(-xoff, -yoff);
            if (mTranslator != null) {
            mTranslator.translateCanvas(canvas);
            }
            canvas.setScreenDensity(scalingRequired ? mNoncompatDensity : 0);
            attachInfo.mSetIgnoreDirtyState = false;
 
            mView.draw(canvas);
             
            drawAccessibilityFocusedDrawableIfNeeded(canvas);
        } finally {
            if (!attachInfo.mSetIgnoreDirtyState) {
            attachInfo.mIgnoreDirtyState = false;
            }
        }
        ......
        return true;
    }

measure相关

View类的UI绘制相关函数

    //final说明该函数不允许被子类override,不需要关注细节
    public final void measure(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) {
        ......
        //widthMeasureSpec,heightMeasureSpec是由parent决定的
        onMeasure(widthMeasureSpec, heightMeasureSpec);
        ......
    }
     
    /**
     *
     * @param widthMeasureSpec horizontal space requirements as imposed by the parent.
     * 
     * @param heightMeasureSpec vertical space requirements as imposed by the parent.
     * 
     * @see #getMeasuredWidth()
     * @see #getMeasuredHeight()
     * @see #setMeasuredDimension(int, int)
     * @see #getSuggestedMinimumHeight()
     * @see #getSuggestedMinimumWidth()
     * @see android.view.View.MeasureSpec#getMode(int)
     * @see android.view.View.MeasureSpec#getSize(int)
     */
    protected void onMeasure(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) {
        //View类的默认实现,如果自定义view的话,需要我们自己override
        //child的宽高有来自parent的widthMeasureSpec、heightMeasureSpec和子的MeasureSpecMode共同决定
        setMeasuredDimension(getDefaultSize(getSuggestedMinimumWidth(), widthMeasureSpec),
                getDefaultSize(getSuggestedMinimumHeight(), heightMeasureSpec));
    }

layout相关

View的layout相关代码

//非final类型,子类可以重载
public void layout(int l, int t, int r, int b) {
        ......

        int oldL = mLeft;
        int oldT = mTop;
        int oldB = mBottom;
        int oldR = mRight;

        boolean changed = isLayoutModeOptical(mParent) ?
                setOpticalFrame(l, t, r, b) : setFrame(l, t, r, b);

        if (changed || (mPrivateFlags & PFLAG_LAYOUT_REQUIRED) == PFLAG_LAYOUT_REQUIRED) {
            onLayout(changed, l, t, r, b);
            ......
        }
        ......
    }
     
    //View的onlayout函数默认为空(如果自定义view中需要,可重载)
      protected void onLayout(boolean changed, int left, int top, int right, int bottom) {  
    }

ViewGroup的layout相关代码

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public final void layout(int l, int t, int r, int b) {
        if (!mSuppressLayout && (mTransition == null || !mTransition.isChangingLayout())) {
            if (mTransition != null) {
                mTransition.layoutChange(this);
            }
            //view的layout方法
            super.layout(l, t, r, b);
        } else {
            mLayoutCalledWhileSuppressed = true;
        }
    }

    /**
     * 抽象方法,子类必须实现(因为内部必然存在多个view控件,需要layout)
     */
    @Override
    protected abstract void onLayout(boolean changed,
            int l, int t, int r, int b);
   /**
    * ViewGroup的onLayout()方法都需要子类去实现
    * 所以我们来看一下LinearLayout的实现
    */
    @Override 
        protected void onLayout(boolean changed, int l, int t, int r, int b) {  
        if (mOrientation == VERTICAL) {  
            layoutVertical();  
        } else {  
            layoutHorizontal();  
        }  
    }
    
   //以垂直方向的布局为例
   void layoutVertical() {  
        ......  
        final int count = getVirtualChildCount();  
        ......
        //遍历child
        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {  
            final View child = getVirtualChildAt(i);  
            if (child == null) {  
                childTop += measureNullChild(i);  
            } else if (child.getVisibility() != GONE) {  
                final int childWidth = child.getMeasuredWidth();  
                final int childHeight = child.getMeasuredHeight();  
                ......
                //递归child调用layout
                setChildFrame(child, childLeft, childTop + getLocationOffset(child),  
                        childWidth, childHeight);  
                ......  
            }  
        }  
    }
     
    private void setChildFrame(View child, int left, int top, int width, int height) {          
        child.layout(left, top, left + width, top + height);  
} 

注意:

draw相关

View的draw相关代码

public void draw(Canvas canvas) {
        ......
        /*
         * Draw traversal performs several drawing steps which must be executed
         * in the appropriate order:
         *
         *      1. Draw the background
         *      2. If necessary, save the canvas' layers to prepare for fading
         *      3. Draw view's content
         *      4. Draw children
         *      5. If necessary, draw the fading edges and restore layers
         *      6. Draw decorations (scrollbars for instance)
         */
 
        // Step 1, draw the background, if needed
        ......
        if (!dirtyOpaque) {
            drawBackground(canvas);
        }
 
        // skip step 2 & 5 if possible (common case)
        ......
 
        // Step 2, save the canvas' layers
        ......
            if (drawTop) {
                canvas.saveLayer(left, top, right, top + length, null, flags);
            }
        ......
 
        // Step 3, draw the content
        if (!dirtyOpaque) onDraw(canvas);
 
        // Step 4, draw the children
        dispatchDraw(canvas);
 
        // Step 5, draw the fade effect and restore layers
        ......
        if (drawTop) {
            matrix.setScale(1, fadeHeight * topFadeStrength);
            matrix.postTranslate(left, top);
            fade.setLocalMatrix(matrix);
            p.setShader(fade);
            canvas.drawRect(left, top, right, top + length, p);
        }
        ......
 
        // Step 6, draw decorations (scrollbars)
        onDrawScrollBars(canvas);
        ......
    }

注意:

ViewGroup的draw相关代码

    /**
     * 遍历各种类型的情况的child,并draw
     */
    @Override
    protected void dispatchDraw(Canvas canvas) {
        boolean usingRenderNodeProperties = canvas.isRecordingFor(mRenderNode);
        final int childrenCount = mChildrenCount;
        final View[] children = mChildren;
        
        ......
        for (int i = 0; i < childrenCount; i++) {
            ......
            if ((child.mViewFlags & VISIBILITY_MASK) == VISIBLE || child.getAnimation() != null) {
                more |= drawChild(canvas, child, drawingTime);
            }
        }
        while (transientIndex >= 0) {
            ......
            if ((transientChild.mViewFlags & VISIBILITY_MASK) == VISIBLE ||
                    transientChild.getAnimation() != null) {
                more |= drawChild(canvas, transientChild, drawingTime);
            }
            ......
        }
         
        if (mDisappearingChildren != null) {
            ......
            for (int i = disappearingCount; i >= 0; i--) {
                final View child = disappearingChildren.get(i);
                more |= drawChild(canvas, child, drawingTime);
            }
        }
       ......
    }
     
     protected boolean drawChild(Canvas canvas, View child, long drawingTime) {
        return child.draw(canvas, this, drawingTime);
    }

关于invalidate方法

invalidate系列方法请求重绘View树(也就是draw方法),如果View大小没有发生变化就不会调用layout过程,并且只绘制那 些“需要重绘的”View,也就是哪个View(View只绘制该View,ViewGroup绘制整个ViewGroup)请求invalidate系 列方法,就绘制该View。

有以下几种触发invalidate方法的情况:

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