架子花脸铜锤唱~郝寿臣
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(1886~1961),著名京剧表演艺术家、教育家,工架子花脸。原籍河北香河,幼年随父迁京,从师吕福善、唐永常、朱子久、阎宝恒等学艺。历经数十春秋的艰苦奋斗,终于融金秀山铜锤与黄润甫架子两家艺术于一炉,唱念上自成一格,创成被誉为"架子花脸铜锤唱"的郝派艺术,以气魄取胜,唱念韵味浑厚,工架凝练,表演浑然一体。他艺术态度严谨,善于刻画人物,数十年艺术生涯中,在220余个剧目中扮演过160多个主要和次要角色。
与侯喜瑞、金少山并称"净行三杰",又与金少山并称"黑金白郝"(又称"南金北郝")。[1]
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郝寿臣虽然是架子花演员,但他却以铜锤唱法,结合架子花的表演风格,不但丰富了架子花的唱,还能更多地运用声腔艺术恰当地表现各种各样不同性格的人物。他的唱受金(秀山)派影响很深,出自膛音,结合口腔,特别是通过鼻腔、口鼻共鸣,这种发音方法可以说完全是金派。他除了金派,刘永春、刘鸿声、裘桂仙的唱腔凡是好的,也都吸收。他吐字行腔全用圆音,不走沙音。所以他的唱雄厚浑圆,与见棱见角的黄(润甫)派截然不同。他的念白与演唱是一个统一的风格。
他的发声运用口鼻共鸣的方法,加以“擞音”、“欬音”等润色,厚重是郝寿臣的整体风格,从他的演唱中、念白中虽然嗓音有些闷哑,但咬金嚼铁,每一个字都有沉甸甸的份量。他把鼻腔音变为口鼻共鸣,灵活运用,洋溢着一种深厚的韵味,形成了独特的郝派唱念。
郝寿臣在艺术上极富创新精神,传统戏中扮演曹操、张飞、牛皋、焦赞等,很有自己的特点。他创造的荆轲、须贾、鲁智深等艺术形象给观众的印象非常深刻。他的时装戏《法国血手印》中扮演一西洋人,《孽海波澜》中扮演杨钦三,表演也十分真实生动。
郝寿臣在做功上造型漂亮、身手干净、眼神准确,他一生塑造的舞台形象各个都是栩栩如生,给观众留下了深刻的印象。郝寿臣为了提高广大观众对花脸角色的兴趣,给观众以更多的美的享受,他注意在脸谱上苦下功夫。
主要贡献
郝寿臣每年平均排演两本新戏,新创剧目人物的脸谱没有蓝本可参考,他就按照剧情和人物性格去创造新形脸谱。他还改革了勾脸的工具和方式,还为众多的人物设计出符合身份和性格的服装图案。这种大胆创新的精神在净行演员中是十分难能可贵的,郝派脸谱艺术在京剧艺术的圣殿中独有其位,而且对京剧艺术的发展产生了很大的深远影响。
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